进化逻辑:科学发展的动态模式

进化逻辑是在人工智能心理学派研究的推动下诞生的一种科学进步和发展的动态模式。计算机科学家和哲学家勃克斯 (Ａ .Ｗ .Ｂｕｒｋｓ )在这方面做出卓有成效的贡献。 1988年 ,勃克斯提出了一个进化逻辑系统。[1 ] 进化的逻辑由三个部分组成 :1.选择的逻辑或间接评价的逻辑 ;2 .通过反复竞争而进行的学习 ;3 .遗传发现的逻辑。在选择逻辑中 ,其基本原则是按照其产品 (或结论 )的性质进行选择 (或评价 )。例如 ,有两个生物 ,它们有不同的基因型。生活在相同环境中 ,每个生物都以单性生殖的方式繁殖 ,对同一环境资源进行生存竞争。这个过程一直…     

遗产的保护

先辈传承的环境形态已经在许多方面发生的改变,这些改变可能是由自然和生物因素引起的,但最重要的动因是人类自身.几乎地球的每一个地方都有人类,虽然目前无法预知我们进化的前景,但有一点可以肯定,即我们是一种非常优势的生命物种.     

进化理论能否证明利他主义真的存在?

本文的主要目的是研究人类利他主义是否存在,并且可能的话研究人类利他主义是以何种确切的方式存在的。本文首先讨论了各种进化理论是如何解释自然界中的生物利他主义的;然后检验D.威尔逊运用多层选择理论来论证人类利他主义存在的尝试是否成功。在这个基础上,区分了关于心理和行为两个方面的强利他主义和弱利他主义。最后争辩说,在人类社会中,弱心理利他主义存在而强心理利他主义不存在,并且弱行为利他主义存在而强行为利他主义不存在。     

语言——自然选择的一种适应

该文认为人类的语言能力是一种生物学意义上的适应,是自然选择的产物。人类的语言与自然界中其它复杂的生物学适应相类似,也具有特定的机能。语言的特定机能在于编码叙事性信息并与他人分享,这与人类认知活动中因果推理所具有的高度社会性特点相一致。两个新的研究领域,进化博弈理论和分子进化选择理论,都证实了语言是一种受到自然选择的进化适应     

论因果律在生命科学中的适用范围

论因果律在生命科学中的适用范围宁波市日月灶具有限公司（奉化市３１５５００）叶纯德著名的达尔文学说认为：生物是不断进化的,是由简单到复杂,通过渐变和突变等进化模式,由单细胞原始生命进化到今天的人类。但这一学说最终没有阐明生命产生的因果关系。１９世纪７０...     

国外关于进化心理学的研究

进化心理学是近年在西方心理学中出现的一种新的研究取向,目前仍没有一个明确的概念和系统的理论。其基本主张是：过去是理解心理机制的关键;功能分析是理解心理机制的主要途径;心理机制是在解决问题的过程中演化形成的模块性是心理机制整体组织的特性;人的行为是心理机制和环境互动作用的结果。进化心理学从诞生之日起,就引起了各种各样的争议,赞成者认为：①心理学会成为更多的达尔文主义的理论建构;②进化心理学将使心理学走向统一;③进化心理学向传统社会科学提出了挑战。反对者认为：①进化心理学是一种不成熟的科学;②进化心理学是一种貌似科学的研究取向。     

肥胖成因的学说及评价

在引起肥胖的诸多因素中,遗传因素（内因）与环境因素（外因）两者的综合作用,影响人体能量摄入和消耗的平衡,是单纯性肥胖产生的主要原因。人类在进化过程中形成了一种自觉储备剩余能量的适应性——节俭基因型。我们虽不能对已经具有的“节俭”基因进行改造,但可以对摄食过多及运动不足这两个引起肥胖的主要外因进行干预,在临床实际施治中,可能找到一定的预防和治疗肥胖的对策。     

ESBLs大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子与耐药性关系

整合子通过位点特异的基因重组在临床细菌耐药性传播中起重要作用.根据整合酶基因intI的序列不同将整合子划分成4种类型,其中第一类整合子最常见,决定着细菌的多重耐药.产ESBLs菌株在整合子水平转移的介导下能增加捕获这些基因盒的可能性,更有利于耐药基因的传递和扩散.     

有关镜像神经元起源问题上的争论

文章阐述了镜像神经元起源问题上的争论及其最新进展。镜像神经元的独特之处在于,它在动作知觉和动作执行两个阶段皆被激活。这一知觉和操作的匹配机制究竟是怎样形成的?遗传论观点认为镜像神经元的匹配机制是有机体适应环境的结果,由于镜像神经元具有理解他人动作意图的特殊功能,因而被自然选择,通过遗传而得到传递。联结论则主张这种匹配机制只不过是大脑皮层动作神经元对感觉刺激形成的一种条件反射,是个体经验的结果。镜像神经元的"进化-发展观"则采纳渐成论的观点,认为镜像神经元的起源和进化不可能是联结学习单独造就的,而是进化的、生物的、发展性的、社会认知方面的和基于经验的各种因素的联合作用。     

ESBLs大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子与耐药性关系

整合子通过位点特异的基因重组在临床细菌耐药性传播中起重要作用。根据整合酶基因intⅠ的序列不同将整合子划分成4种类型,其中第一类整合子最常见,决定着细菌的多重耐药。产ESBLs菌株在整合予水平转移的介导下能增加捕获这些基因盒的可能性,更有利于耐药基因的传递和扩散。     

Search of a God for Evolution: Paul Tillich and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin challenged theology to reach for an understanding of God that would take into account the reality of evolution. Paul Tillich's notion of New Being goes a long way toward meeting this challenge, and a theology of evolution can gain a great deal from Tillich's religious thought. But Teilhard would still wonder whether the philosophical notion of being , even when qualified by the adjective new , is itself adequate to contextualize evolution theologically. To Teilhard a theology attuned to a post–Darwinian world requires nothing less than a revolution in our understanding of what is ultimately real. It is doubtful that Tillich's rather classical theological system is radical enough to accommodate this requirement. For Teilhard, on the other hand, a metaphysics grounded in the biblical vision, wherein God is understood as the future on which the world rests as its sole support, can provide a more suitable setting for evolutionary theology.     

Quelques réflexions sur l’incidence des valeurs éthiques sur le choix technique des interventions psychothérapeutiques

If we consider the evolution in the patterns of psychopathology during the 20th century, we discover the evolution of ethical values implicit in the theory and their implications as far as our technical choices are concerned. The therapeutic relationship is asymmetrical, not only because of different role positions but also because of an inherent power differential. The therapist is consciously recognized as occupying a superior role because of his or her professional status and at the unconscious level, too, through transfer and projection of different fantasies. Being in charge of the therapeutic process carries with it the professional responsibility for handling this asymmetry. The therapist's theoretical and technical decisions in this regard reflect his or her ideology about power and how it should be used to establish the therapeutic alliance.     

Developmental-behavioral initiation of evolutionary change

The traditional approach to evolutionary psychology relies entirely on natural selection as the cause of the evolution of adaptations. Exclusive reliance on natural selection overlooks the fact that changes in development are a necessary prerequisite for evolutionary change. These developmental changes provide the material for natural selection to work on. In the neo-Darwinian scenario, the mechanisms of evolution are mutation or genetic recombination, selection, migration, and eventual reproductive isolation. In the spirit of evolutionary pluralism, the author describes a different 3-stage scenario in which migration (the invasion of new niches or habitats) may occur without mutation or genetic recombination and selection first initiating a change in genes or gene frequencies.     

Recombination unbound

Conclusion The realisation that Forrest/Armstrong style cardinality arguments are not successful allowsus to have a simpler and more intuitive principle of recombination, and dispenses with the need to postulate mysterious necessities in order to guarantee a maximum size of worlds. As we have seen, examining the options for possibilia to form a proper class also raises new issues to do with the connection of possible worlds and classes, and may provide the motivation for various theoretical commitments that seemed previously to have no application outside pure mathematics (Should any proper classes have singletons? Should the individuals form a set?). While this essay has proceeded as a discussion primarily of Lewis' theory, it can be more generally applied — any theory of possible worlds that would wish to endorse something like the unrestricted principle of recombination and wishes to be able to talk about possibilia from more than one world simultaneously will need a modal class theory where the possibilia form a proper class rather than a set, for example. Nearly every theory of possible worlds can, and in my opinion should, take advantage of the unrestricted principle of recombination rather than limit the size of possible worlds.     

THE INTERTWINED ROLES OF GENES AND CULTURE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION

This essay critiques dual-inheritance theory as presented in Peter Richerson and Robert Boyd's book Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution (2005). The theory states that culture became prominent in human evolution because it allowed relatively rapid adaptation to changing environments by means of imitation. Imitating the behavior of other members of one's community produces adaptive behaviors more readily than either genetic evolution or individual learning. Imitation follows a number of patterns: imitating high-status individuals, imitating the most common forms of behavior, imitating behaviors perceived to be the most effective solutions to various problems relevant to survival. This process combined with occasional innovations in behavior lead to a process of cultural evolution involving populations of cultural variants. Different local human populations were associated with different local populations of cultural variants, and both the human and the cultural populations evolved over time. Human evolution cannot be understood without taking into account these parallel processes of genetic and cultural evolution. Not by Genes Alone traces the implication of dual-inheritance theory for understanding human evolution and refers to various bodies of evidence relevant to the theory.     

A Tale of Two Tales

Cromwell's Being Human: Human Being (2010) covers a broad array of theoretical and practical arenas that can impact how we all—but psychologists in particular—conceptualize the nature and function of human mentation. In this article, I will abstract an overarching theme from the book that explains how (and even why) humans evolve as storytellers—first to serve intrapersonal goals, but eventually to social ends (which themselves reflect back onto intrapersonal purposes). The tale begins with each person's own private invention of time, space, and self via the constructed linkage between separate stimuli, and continues through the concoction and communication of complex theoretical frameworks. Each step of this journey involves the human being constructing a bridge between events; in other words, composing a story. Finally, the theme of “human being as storyteller” will be applied reflexively to Cromwell's decision to and action of authoring Being Human: Human Being.     

Quantified or nonquantified: How quantification affects consumers' motivation in goal pursuit

Being exposed to more data and devices with tracking functions than ever, quantification is concerned by an increasing number of consumers. The self‐reflection from data may raise consumers' awareness of their own goals to better modify their behaviors. This paper describes consumers' reaction to quantification and confirms its motivational effect in goal pursuit. First, we investigate the motivational effect of quantification and reveal its internal mechanism from the individual–community perspective. Results show that quantification can promote consumers' goal pursuit motivation. A quantified (vs. nonquantified) way to track progress in pursuit of a goal can strengthen consumers' self‐empowerment (individual level) and difference‐insight (community level), thus enhancing the goal pursuit motivation. Second, we explore the moderating effect of some factors on the motivational effect of quantification. Results confirm that self‐empowerment can be enhanced with high data–color consistency, and difference‐insight can be increased with low outcome–process consistency. Third, we identify the validity of various data presentation modes. Using the interactive progress framing (to date with to go) together with the several subunits mode to deliver data in different progress stages is found to be an effective way to promote consumers' goal pursuit motivation.     

Psychobiology of Conflict

Human aggression and war are mediated by culture and social evolution. Human beings have a wide range of possible behaviors and possible cultural responses to aggression and the possibility of fear. This article analyzes the psychobiological dimensions of aggression and war, and proposes a way of approaching the complex interrelationship between biology, psychology, and culture.     

Protecting Human Dignity in Research Involving Humans

Human dignity is the supreme criterion for protecting research participants, and likewise for numerous ethical matters of ultimate importance. But what is meant by “human dignity”? Isn’t this some vague criterion, some sort of lip service of questionable relevance and application? We shall see that it is nothing of the sort, that to the contrary, it is a very definite and very accessible criterion. However, how is this criterion applied in protecting research participants? These are the matters that we will examine now. My presentation is divided into four parts. 1/Recognizing Human Dignity; 2/Practical Definition of Human Dignity; 3/The Human Being in a Weakened State; 4/ Conclusion.