Développement conceptuel de la notion d’énergie relative à des objets inanimés et animés chez les élèves de dix à 17 ans

The objective of this work is to study the concept of energy in case where animates and inanimates objects interact. We questioned pupils between 10 and 17 years old with regard to the existence of energy in inanimates and energy consumption by animates. Our results show that pupils use a small number of coherent conceptions dependent on the context. These conceptions develop differently for inanimate and animate objects. In the case of inanimates, some evolution is observed, while for animates the concept evolves slowly. In general, the materialist character of energy, its confusion with force and its attribution, in preference, to animates are among the naive conceptions which constrain the scientific understanding of energy.     

Les couples mis à l’épreuve du confinement de la crise Covid

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in strict containment. The isolation and anxietyinducing nature of the situation had an impact on the mental health of individuals. Our study examines the intimacy of individuals confined with or without their partners during this period and explores the risk factors and resources available to them.MethodologyWe distributed an online questionnaire during the first lockdown (April 2020). In total, 1985 adults (80.3% female; M = 34.27, SD = 14.96) participated in the study. Several validated scales assessed life context, mental health, substance use (alcohol and cannabis), intolerance of uncertainty and intimacy in the couple. Participants described their experiences through open-ended questions.ResultsOur results indicate that couples who lived in separate households during confinement (n = 453 or 22.8% of our sample) were more depressed, more anxious and more intolerant of uncertainty. Through a thematic analysis, we found that couples who were confined together were more likely to report an improvement in the quality of their emotional and sexual life than couples separated by confinement. However, restriction of available space, reorganisation of work and leisure activities and relationships with children emerged as potential stressors.ConclusionThe intimate partner can be a form of support for stress during containment and supports resilience in a pandemic crisis.     

La santé à l’épreuve de la mobilité : les débuts de parcours de compagnons de l’aéronautique

In this article we relate a research, which has been carried out among workers in an aircraft-manufacturing site. The purpose of the research was to enlighten the links between health and professional mobility. Leaning on quantitative and qualitative analyzes of mobility inside a worksite, we put forward the complex network of itineraries of blue collars, at their beginning. These itineraries combine changes in workstations or in working conditions, and various individual, collective or organizational dimensions. The apprenticeship of mobility frameworks gets involved in wider series of professional norms, which might at the same time prevent from health disorders and make them less visible. Thus, the integration of these various temporal dimensions by blue collars themselves brings depending on organizational context, supports or damages for health.     

Conflit d’intérêts et déontologies : l’échec des déontologies existantes et l’improbable (?) succès de la loi

The increasing frequency with which health scandals have come to light since the 1980s has uncovered a great deal of unlawful behavior, both in the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession, as well as in the world of “experts” (or researchers), along with journalists and specialist media companies. These types of behavior have accumulated and combined to inhibit any reaction from government, thus preventing health policy from playing its role. The State has its share of responsibility in this failure, for having been unable to conserve the impartiality and effectiveness of its administrative actions: it must acknowledge this, which is a whole other problem. However, in the case in point, it is obvious that those texts which must have been breached to allow these health scandals to occur are almost exclusively the result of professional self-regulation, with a wide range of diverse legal values: ethics for the health professions, journalistic ethics, charters between the pharmaceutical industry and media companies, alongside scientific ethical charters. These texts are the result of regulations generated by the professions themselves, drafted to counteract conflicts of interest. The sheer number of cases highlights the failure of these self-regulatory measures, leading to legislation targeting the problem, in particular that of December 29, 2011, which strengthened monitoring in terms of conflicts of interest and penalties against those placing themselves in a conflict of interest situation. Will this legislation, in direct response to the so-called Mediator^® case, be able to succeed where self-regulation failed, swept away as it was by financial considerations? The arbitrations that characterized the drafting of this legislation and the resulting complexity, which affects the decrees, seem to promise many difficulties, particularly due to the scarcity of resources the authorities have to enforce it.     

Étude des représentations sociales toulousaines relatives à la qualité de l’accueil extrafamilial de la toute petite enfance

The eco-systemic model of quality (Bigras & Japel, 2007; Lemay & Bigras, 2012), suggests that it is essential to take into consideration the cultural context (the macro-system) in investigating the quality of early daycare services and developmental outcomes. In order to understand specific cultural values associated with quality services in Toulouse, this study explores social representations of criteria necessary to evaluate quality in out of home daycare. Structured interviews were realized with 30 parents, 47 early education professionals, 15 daycare center directors, and 11 experts (university teachers, pediatricians and psychologists). The interviews aimed at understanding educational ideologies and values, developmental objectives and definitions of quality of educational service. Thematic content analyses indicate that the predominant educational ideology is to offer children and their families an individualized service with priority given to children's affective needs. Discussion of children's early learning needs was either absent from educators’ discourse or was considered as an objective of later school life. Developmental objectives of early daycare in France concern most often the need for socio-affective regulation and acquisition of social rules. Cognitive or language development was rarely evoked. Quality of interaction between teachers and young children was rarely mentioned (process quality). Results are discussed in terms of historical, socio-economic and political specificity of the French early education context, underlining the need to examine contextual specificity in the study of the impact of quality services for child development. This study questions the validity of investigations designed to evaluate quality education as a simple universally applicable construct.     

Revue de littérature sur les techniques d’influence et de communication appliquées à la gestion des déchets

For more than thirty years, researchers conduct studies to define the forms of intervention to improve the practices of waste management. This study is a review of literature interesting communication and influence on sorting and waste prevention. Building on the classification by Geller (1990) of types of intervention on the management of waste, we distinguished four different types of interventions: we present successively the work based on incentives, rhetorical and behavioral strategies. Finally, we present researchs which studied the feedback. We propose for each of these forms of influence techniques, prospects of research and application that seem most relevant.     

Les pratiques professionnelles au cœur de la crise dans la gestion de l’urgent : l’exemple de la crise du COVID-19

Our organisations have been severely shaken by the COVID-19 pandemic and the world of work has not been spared. Only essential activities continued in order to maintain a minimum level of functioning, just like in hospitals or in local authorities. During the first five months of the crisis in 2020 (from March to July), 34 interviews were conducted in these two public service entities in order to examine the management of urgent matters in the light of “activity” and at the heart of the crisis. The results show that while the emergency is mainly managed by an improvisation activity based on the intuition of the actors in the field, the crisis is managed by governance in a rational manner leading to the drafting of procedures after the event. This crisis situation pushed organisations to reconfigure themselves in an emergency, allowing the development of new professional practices. The strategies of damage control and proceduralization will be discussed. Perspectives are opened on the questions of training for these crisis situations against a background of developing presumption of ignorance.     

Le rôle du contexte d’expression et du statut social des intervenants de santé dans la production d’un discours normatif : le cas de la relation des jeunes à l’alcool

The objective of this research is to show that, under usual conditions of interaction between an agent of health and of its public intervention, the individuals produce a “pro-health” speech which can lead astray this agent, concerning the representation which they have of alcohol. Students, producing verbal associations about this object, were confronted either with an agent of health or with a student, and were speaking either for themselves or as the students would do in general. The results show that the individuals, placed in front of an agent of health and directly implied in the beliefs that they express, tend to adopt the speech wished by this agent. However, this manifest adhesion only appears to be circumstantial, insofar as the speech of the individuals is different when they are expressed vis-a-vis a member of its group and in the name of this one. The implications of these results with regard to the interventions of prevention are discussed.     

Les livres de conseils : un moyen de réduire l’incertitude des candidats liée à l’entretien de sélection

The selection interview is a situation full of uncertainty for applicants. Not knowing precisely how they will be evaluated, they will thus try to gather information about interviews, mainly through media such as advice books. These books can participate in reducing applicants’ uncertainty: (1) by materializing the abstract concept that is the interview using metaphors, (2) by providing information about interview formats, and (3) by providing advices to prepare for the interview. This study investigates the presence of these three means in both French and English advice literature. It highlights that all three are used in general, that the last two means are the most frequent ones, and that several differences between the two literatures emerge. Implications for research and organizations are discussed.     

Développement des collectifs de travail et développement de la sécurité : une étude sur les décisions à risque en anesthésie

This article highlights the collective dimensions of risk management for patients before an anesthesia. After a phase of observation of real activity, interviews were conducted with 20 anesthetists from two French hospitals. The analysis reveals interindividual diversity in practices. This diversity is explained by the inclusion, in decisions, of knowledge about “distributed” skills in the team and about local “shared practice”. The results establish a link between the site where the anesthetists are working and the choice of an anesthetic technique. They also show that the positioning of anesthetist vis-à-vis the “shared practice” is significantly related to their seniority in the profession. These results open perspectives for research and intervention for the joint development of collective work and safety.     

Explantation de pacemaker en temps de pandémie : conduite à tenir pour la récupération chez les sujets décédés des prothèses fonctionnant avec batterie lors de l’épidémie de covid-19

In France, every death certificate must mention the presence of a prosthesis operating by means of a battery and its explantation or not. The explantation must be made regardless of the burial. Explantation can only be performed by a doctor or a thanatopractor. The health emergency related to covid-19 does not affect these principles of ordinary law.     

Révision de la loi bioéthique : les dangers de l’autoconservation des ovocytes pour convenance personnelle

Legalization of self-conservation of ovocytes for personal convenience is considered by the second article of the bioethics legislative proposal, adopted by French National Assembly. This practice is aiming to allow men and women to keep their gametes for the purpose of a subsequent medically assisted procreation. Does this new liberty risks to take away a human's individual liberty and more specifically a women's one? Indeed, to legalize self-conservation of ovocytes for personal convenience means to extend the message whereby a woman could delay her maternity. The result would be an implicit pressure: as it becomes medically possible to privilege first of all a career and then to envisage maternity, woman seeking high performance must necessarily choose it. This technique could therefore hide a clear-cut decline for women's rights, again confronted with a cornelian choice, a family or a career.     

Construction et validation de l’échelle de mesure des croyances relatives à la laïcité

Recently, social psychology has taken an interest in attitudes and beliefs about laïcité and their relations to other variables, such as expressions of prejudice. Laïcité can be defined as the separation of churches and State, the role of the State being to assure an equality and a freedom of religion. The aim of this study was to construct a measure of beliefs of laïcité, and then to compensate for the lack of reliable measures about the possible interpretations of laïcité. The exploratory (study 1) and confirmatory factor analyses (study 2) led to sixteen items being included in the scale and representing four laïcité dimensions: public expression of religious beliefs, religious neutrality of the State and its institutions, equality of different religious beliefs, and protection of religious groups. Correlations across different dimensions showed that the public expression of religious beliefs was positively correlated with equality of different religious beliefs and negatively to neutrality of the State and its institutions. Moreover, convergent and discriminant validity (studies 2 and 3) showed that dimensions of laïcité are differently correlated with prejudice, SDO, religiosity, or with the republican model's adhesion. t-tests showed that compared to Catholics, agnostics and atheistics want a stronger religious neutrality of the State, are more in favor of an equalitarian treatment of different religious beliefs, but are less in favor of a protection of religion by State. Concerning the attachment to laïcité, this variable is only very weakly correlated with the four dimensions. Statistical analysis conducted on attachment to laïcité and other psychosocial variables such as prejudice, social dominance orientation (SDO), religiosity, religious beliefs (atheistics and agnostics vs. catholics) and political orientation showed that only SDO is (negatively) related to attachment to laïcité. These results suggest different conceptions of laïcité depending on psychosocial variable such as religion, prejudice or SDO. Finally, a test-retest has been effected on the scale (study 4). The results shown that the adhesion to the laïcité’s dimensions is stable in the time.     

De l’aménagement des bureaux à la transformation des modes de travail : quelles répercussions collectives ?

An increasing number of companies choose to implement “activity-based” workplace environments. Building upon activity theory and situated cognition, we focus on the impact of these office solutions on collective work practices. Our study is based on 15 semi-structured interviews as well as 5-day activity diaries followed by commented walks. We aim at understanding how the office layout is dealt with and acted upon by the employees of an Information Technology company. Our results show that the “activity-based” workplace provides a framework for both interpreting the work of colleagues and organizing one's own work. More generally, our research opens up a reflexion on how office design intervention could support activity development.