Analyse du langage et analyse des discours : quelques applications en psychologie

Discourse analysis is still underdeveloped in Psychology. However, it offers both a precise theoretical framework and various methods of analysis, which make it possible to deal with issues at the heart of psychology and the missions of the practicing psychologists. All discourse is the result of a join construction; it integrates cross-perceptions as well as inter-individual and inter-group relational dynamics. There is no border between the individual who produced the discourse, and the individual who receives it. One is in the other and the other is in one. This conception is particularly relevant when it comes to analyzing what takes place at the heart of social relations, whatever the field of intervention: health, training, work and even more broadly the political and societal debate. This special issue does not aim to be exhaustive but presents different possible applications of discourse analysis, in order to provide the reader, reading grids and tools, which inform practice and nourish theory.     

Le langage des sciences

Sans résumé     

Le langage des sciences

Sans résumé     

La technique et le langage

Sans résumé     

Systemes microscopiques et langage microphysique

Sans résumé     

Aspects pragmatiques de la communication et du langage chez des enfants typiques et des enfants ultérieurement diagnostiqués autistes

The aim of this study is to show that the analysis of pragmatic aspects of communication can allow to locate communicative dysfunctions before the diagnosis of autism is established. The identification of these dysfunctions can be done retrospectively through the analysis of the first gestures and early words. Home movies from children having autism and control ones are collected when they were one, two and three-years old. Data analysis takes into account both forms of communicative gestures and words and functions. Differences between the two groups as a less variety of functions used by children having autism and a fall in their results after the age of two are discussed as possible indicators for an early detection of autism.     

Nature des représentations du langage écrit aux débuts de l'apprentissage de la lecture: un modèle interprétatif

The main objective of this study is to test a knowledge-based simulation model, elaborated in a previous longitudinal research in order to explain reading errors produced by first-grade children. This model relies on two assumptions: (1) in the beginning of the grapho-phonological acquisition, the child tries to extract, from the series of letters which forms a word, graphic patterns corresponding to an oral syllable; (2) these patterns are stored either in an ordered representation or in a non-ordered representation. Permutation errors, often pointed out in this phase of reading acquisition, would then be the mark of a non-ordered representation of the graphic patterns. Two experiments were proposed to new first-grade children, in the middle of the school year. In experiment 1, they had to detect an oral syllable in written pseudo-words in which the first trigram did or did not correspond to the legal order. In experiment 2, they had to read aloud trisyllabic pseudo-words in which the first trigram was presented in four different orders. Reading errors correspond to the predictions our model allows. Moreover, the absence of correlation between the two tasks suggests that the knowledge activated depends on the type of activity.     

Analyse comparative du leadership transformationnel et du leadership narcissique

Following a comprehensive review of the literature, this analysis proposes a comparison between the characteristics of transformational leadership and narcissistic leadership. Such a comparison is important as these two types of leadership, although displaying obvious similarities, considerably differ in their intrinsic value. Indeed, whereas the transformational leader exercises an altruistically motivated power, the narcissistic leader opts for an egotistically motivated power.     

Troubles du langage et séquelles linguistiques dans l'épilepsie partielle rolandique

Partial rolandic epilepsy (PRE), a benign epilepsy of childhood having its onset between age 3 and 13, is characterized by the presence of epileptic activity localized in the central or midtemporal regions. In this study, we assessed language function in 27 children aged 7-16, currently affected by PRE or in remission: 41% of them showed language impairment. Moreover we found persistent language difficulties in children in remission. It is argued that these results are compatible with the hypothesis that an early epileptic disorder is likely to disturb language development, when it occurs during a critical period for language development.     

Ontologie du signifier

Sans résumé     

Pragmatique et langage non littéral : la compréhension des demandes sarcastiques par les enfants

This study was aimed at examining the role of context and intonation in sarcastic-request understanding by French-speaking children 3- to 7-year-olds. An individual completion of stories task is given to the children. Stories vary according to two factors: intonation (sarcastic or neutral) and context (sarcastic or neutral). The results showed that the children were able to understand sarcastic requests before the age of 6 or 7. Intonation seems to be an earlier cue than context in sarcastic-request understanding. At the ages of 3 and 5, children appear to primarily base their interpretation on intonation; it is not until they are 7 that they are also able to take context into account.     

谈谈拉康文本中signifiant一词的译法

来华讲学的巴黎拉康派精神分析师Laurent Cornaz先生与成都的一些同行们主张把拉康文本中的signifiant一词(中文文献中一般翻译为“能指”)翻译为中文的“爻”。我们知道,拉康文本中的signifiant是独特的,根本上是一种没有所指的东西,故确实有必要把它与索绪尔的signifiant概念区分开来,不过,这并不意味着,用一种生成论模式中的基本元素“爻”来翻译结构(系统)论中的基本元素signifiant,是切当的。