中国成人推理月份时间的加工模型

以两个实验对中国成年人推理月份时间的加工模型进行了探索。在实验一中未发现词表模型的距隔效应和方向效应。实验二的结果表明有越界效应,被试解决月份时间顺序作业与解决数字顺序任务在操作特征上有很大的相似性。本研究的结果表明,数字模型能较好地解释中国成年人推理月份时间的认知加工,而Friedman 提出的表象一词表模型则难以作出合理的解释。     

FIGURAL TESTS OF REASONING IN AFRICA

L'A présente les résultats d'un certain nombre d'expéricnces qui ont été réalisées avec les Progressive Matrices de Raven en Afrique et en Grande-Bretagne. II a utilisé des méthodes d'analyse factorielle pour comparer la difficulté des items d'une culture à L'autre et pour décrire les différentes stratégies individuelles des répondants. Les principales conclusions sont les suivantes : 1. Les tests qui utilisent des dessins et des figures sont des instruments complexes qui entraînent des biais caractéristiques dans les réponses. 2. Ces biais jettent un certain doute sur L'idée qu'il peut exister des tests libres de toute influence culturelle ou même dans lesquels les facteurs culturels seraient réduits. 3. Les résultats sont mis en liaison avec une théorie de L'intelligence qui met L'accent sur le rôle du système de valeurs en vigueur dans une société donnée; le système de valeurs dètermine en partie la nature des capacités humaines et leurs rclations.     

A COMPARISON OF READING COMPREHENSION PROCESSES IN POLISH AND ENGLISH*

Two experiments in Polish replicated several conditions in English experiments on reading comprehension processes. In Polish syntactic information is represented primarily by morphology and in English primarily by word order. Lexical, syntactic + semantic, within-syntactic class, between-syntactic class, semantic, and factual information were violated in stories. Native speakers read the stories aloud and the protocols were scored for increases in production time around violations. The disruptions in oral reading caused by the syntactic violations were relatively larger and occurred earlier in Polish than in English. The semantic and factual violations produced broader disruptions in English than in Polish. Reading comprehension processes varied to meet the cognitive demands imposed by how the available information was represented. Polish readers adopted a focused strategy and English readers a more diffused strategy.     

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SITUATION MODELS IN NARRATIVE COMPREHENSION:

Abstract— In this article, we propose and test a model of how readers construct representations of the situations described in simple narratives the event-indexing model. According to the event-indexing model, events are the focal points of situations conveyed in narratives and are connected in memory along five dimensions time, space, protagonist, causality, and intentionality. The results of a verb-clustering task provide strong support for the event-indexing model.     

STUDIES OF PERCEPTION AND REASONING IN ZAMBIAN CHILDREN

Perception et raisonnement chez les enfants zambiens. — l'A. présente une série de recherches expérimentales qui ont été réalisées ou récemment entreprises par l'Unité de Recherche sur le Développement humain de l'Université de Zambie, dans les domaines de la perception et du raisonnement. II attire l'attention sur ce qu'impliquent, pour tout travail expérimental dans ces deux domaines, les limites qui interviennent du fait de la culture et de la langue, dans la communication qui est faite au sujet du stimulus ou de la tâche requise, et ceci particulièrement quand il s'agit d'enfants qui ont ou vont avoir l'âge de commencer l'école. Dans la mesure où ces difficultés peuvent être réellement surmontées, ce qui a été réalisé jusqu'à maintenant montre quel défi et quelle occasion représente pour la psychologie expérimentale le travail dans des pays en voie de développement. II s'avère également qu'il faut s'attendre à un important décalage temporel avant qu'un changement à large échelle ne puisse prendre place dans les stimuli et les motivations du milieu traditionnel.     

COMPREHENSION INSTRUCTION IN A READING CLINIC: COMPARISON OF CLINIC AND CLASSROOM PRACTICES

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine middle school students’ (grades 4 to 8) metacognitive knowledge about science reading, science text, and science reading strategies. The 52 subjects were selected from 532 students who completed a survey instrument designed to determine students’ knowledge about science reading, science text, and science reading strategies. The stratified randomly sampled students were interviewed using five structured protocols. The protocol items were based on 21 strategic characteristics of successful readers of science text and three domains of metacognitive knowledge: declarative, procedural, and conditional. Quantitative analyses reveal surface level metacognitive knowledge about 20 of 21 strategies explored and similar levels of knowledge across the three metacognitive domains. A qualitative analysis indicates that average middle school students’ metacognitive knowledge of science reading, science text, and science reading strategies is similar to that of younger and poorer readers of narrative text.     

A META-ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONAL REASONING TESTS OF AGGRESSION

James et al. (2005) reported an estimate of criterion-related validity (corrected only for dichotomization of criteria) of r = .44 across 11 conditional reasoning test of aggression (CRT-Aggression) validity studies. This meta-analysis incorporated a total sample size more than twice that of James et al. Our comparable validity estimate for CRT-Aggression scales predicting counterproductive work behaviors was r = .16. Validity for the current, commercially marketed test version (CRT-A) was lower (r = .10). These validity estimates increased somewhat (into the .24–.26 range) if studies using dichotomous criteria with low base rates were excluded from the meta-analysis. CRT-Aggression scales were correlated r = .14 with measures of job performance. As we differed with James et al. in some of our coding decisions, we reran all analyses using James et al.'s coding decisions and arrived at extremely similar results.     

COMPARING TYPES OF COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS FOUND IN FOURTH GRADE READERS

Abstract

This article examines the implications of Dr. Dolores Durkin's recent research on Reading comprehension. The author takes the seminal findings of Dr. Durkin's study and applies these to improving classroom reading instruction.     

THE ASSUMPTIONS OF CAUSAL ANALYSES FOR INCOMPLETE CAUSAL SETS OF TWO MULTILEVEL VARIABLES

aThree causal analyses of correlations: the two-stage partial correlation analysis of Pelz and Andrews (1964); the cross-lagged panel correlation analysis of Campbell and Stanley (1963), Campbell (1963), and Rozelle and Campbell (1969); and a new three-stage analysis described in this paper are evaluated in terms of causal models representing any two variables which constitute an incomplete causal set. It is found t h a t the first two analyses make assumptions which are not generally true and which are not presently subject to practical tests. The third i s found to be useful as a way of finding out whether the correlation between two variables i s due entirely to third variable causation.     

MICROANALYSIS OF CONCRETE REASONING

Subjects with median age 5–11 were given 24 triads of elementary + and - operations with one unit (AS items), besides pre- and posttests of conservation of quantity. A strong initial resistance to use the 'equal' category was observed. A considerable proportion of the subjects acquired conservation. The difficulty of the AS items seemed to be mainly determined by the number of required intellectual transformations and non-redundant elements to be processed. Degree of perceptual support and codability of element combinations also appeared to be likely determinants.