背景音乐对中学生阅读理解的影响

以初一、初二、高一、高二72名中学生为研究对象,考察不同类型音乐对有无背景音乐偏好被试阅读理解成绩的影响。实验结果表明:(1)不同类型背景音乐对不同年级被试产生了不同的影响。古典乐对4个年级被试的阅读理解均有显著的促进作用;而流行乐对初中生的阅读理解产生了干扰作用,对高中生则没有产生干扰作用。(2)不同类型背景音乐对不同背景音乐偏好被试产生了不同的影响。对有背景音乐偏好被试来讲,古典乐对他们的阅读理解有显著的促进作用,流行乐对他们的阅读理解无显著的干扰作用;对无背景音乐偏好被试来讲,古典乐对他们的阅读理解既无显著的促进作用,也无显著的干扰作用,而流行乐对他们的阅读理解有显著的干扰作用。     

NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON PERCEIVED DURATION

Ten subjects made magnitude productions of duration in two velocity conditions when going by car. Productions for the higher of the two velocities were found to be reliably longer than those for the lower due to a negative relation between velocity and the slope of the R-S function relating perceived to physical duration. It was suggested that the effect of velocity on the slope of the R-S function might account for the discrepant results from previous studies investigating the effects of velocity on perceived duration.     

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF WIDE READING ON LISTENING COMPREHENSION OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Previous research on the relationship between wide reading and listening comprehension provided indirect evidence that wide reading may be impacting children's listening comprehension. In the present study we looked at growth in listening comprehension of 146 children from third grade to fifth grade and their fifth-grade estimate of accumulated wide reading as measured by an instrument using a checklist-with-foils logic, the Title Recognition Test. Employing hierarchical multiple regression, we isolated the relationship between wide reading and listening comprehension. The results indicated that individual differences in growth of listening comprehension from third grade to fifth grade were significantly related to wide reading. These findings imply that reading a lot may influence listening comprehension, thus adding support to the educational practice of providing time for children to read independently and encouraging more and varied reading outside of school.     

THE EFFECT OF STUDY SKILL TRAINING ON LEARNING DISABLED STUDENTS' RETELLING OF EXPOSITORY MATERIAL

This research was conducted to determine the effects of a study skill training procedure on oral retelling of printed expository material read by three intermediate-grade learning disabled students. Measures of story retelling, study characteristics, and answers to comprehension questions were obtained during each session. The study skills taught during the intervention phase involved a modified Study, Question, Read, Recite, and Review technique (Robinson, 1941). Findings confirmed the existence of a functional relationship between the use of the study skill procedure and improved retelling. Experimenter directions and assistance were systematically faded so that during postchecks students used the procedure easily and quickly while obtaining their highest scores for retelling.     

THE VALIDITY OF THE POTENTIAL LEVEL VIA LISTENING COMPREHENSION: A CAUTIONARY NOTE

Historical background and relevant research were examined to determine whether the commonly recommended procedure of determining the reading potential level via listening comprehension is valid in the primary grades. No support was found for the unstated assumptions necessary for this procedure's validity. And three major studies conclusively revealed that use of this procedure to identify children for remedial instruction would drastically over‐refer and would include vast numbers of primary grade children progressing normally in learning to read. Based on this evidence, it was concluded that listening comprehension definitely not be used to determine the reading potential level in grades 1‐3.     

论认知科学对文章阅读研究的影响

以信息加工为基本范式的当代认知科学极大地影响和深化了阅读心理的研究。本文结合国内外现有研究,首先回顾了文章阅读认知加工研究的发展历程,然后总结了当代认知科学对文章阅读心理研究的主要贡献之所在,并对在认知科学影响下该领域未来的发展趋势和方向进行了分析与展望。     

图式理论在小学语文阅读理解中的应用及其对语文学习成绩的影响

本研究采用自然实验法对吉林省松原市逸夫小学１６０名四、五年级的学生进行了对比实验研究,探讨图式教学法与常规教学法对学生语文学习成绩的影响。结果表明：（１）四、五年级实验班学生的成绩普遍提高,（２）五年级实验班学生的成绩提高的幅度高于四年级,优秀率占总成绩的三分之二,（３）四、五年级对照班学生的成绩随课文内容难度增加,学习成绩呈下降趋势。这说明图式教学法有利于提高学生的语文成绩,尤其小学高年级效果更明显。     

阅读预期对快速阅读理解的影响的实验研究

探讨阅读预期对快速阅读的理解水平与进程的影响。实验１探讨阅读预期对快速阅读理解水平的影响。阅读文章前分别给予被试正确、中性与误导的标题提示,结果表明,不同类型的标题提示对快速阅读的理解成绩有显著的影响,而对正常速度阅读的理解成绩影响效果不显著。实验２探讨阅读预期对快速阅读过程的词句加工程度的影响。结果表明,对优生来说,正确标题提示组发现文章中锗字的成绩显著低于误导标题提示组,差生的不同标题提示组发现错字的成绩差异不显著。两个实验的结果初步表明,快速阅读文章过程会更多地利用概念推动,较少地需要材料信息。     

COMPARING TYPES OF COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS FOUND IN FOURTH GRADE READERS

Abstract

This article examines the implications of Dr. Dolores Durkin's recent research on Reading comprehension. The author takes the seminal findings of Dr. Durkin's study and applies these to improving classroom reading instruction.     

性别配对与奖励结构对中学生合作行为的影响

目的:研究不同性别配对与奖励结构对中学生合作行为产生怎样的影响。方法:选择夹豆速度相同的初二学生为研究对象,在不同的性别配对和奖励结构下进行夹豆实验,考察性别配对与奖励结构对中学生合作行为。结果:性别配对对中学生合作行为有显著影响,其中男×男配对组合的合作水平最高,而女×女配对组合的合作水平最低,男×女配对水平居中;另外,针对不同的奖励对象进行实验同样也产生不同的合作水平,奖励个人合作水平较低,奖励组合合作水平较高;在奖励对象为组合时采用不同的计分方式对合作行为也有显著的影响,分别计分合作水平较低,混合计分合作水平较高。结论:应根据初中生的这些特点进行有针对性地引导,促进他们合理的合作和竞争。     

AN ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS' CALIBRATION OF COMPREHENSION AND CALIBRATION OF PERFORMANCE USING MULTIPLE MEASURES

In the present study we examined students' ability to judge comprehension of text material (before actually taking a test) as well as ability to judge comprehension performance on text material (after taking a test). We examined each of these two abilities, termed calibration of comprehension and calibration of performance, by using multiple measures rather than just one as has traditionally been done in the literature. We also examined the role of students' self-assessed monitoring ability and self-image presentation in calibration skills. Results indicated that students were able to calibrate comprehension and performance although calibration levels were low, especially for calibration of comprehension. Students who calibrated comprehension well also tended to calibrate performance well. Several measures used to examine calibration of comprehension were consistent predictors ofperformance as were both quantitative and qualitative measures of calibration of performance. Students' calibration accuracy remained stable across measures and assessment conditions. Although students' self-assessed ability was not related to their actual calibration skills, self-image presentation was related to students'self-assessments and to theirability to calibrate performance. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

THE INTERFERENCE OF SOME ANAPHORIC EXPRESSIONS ON READING COMPREHENSION

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interference of certain anaphoric expressions (pronouns) on eighth grade students’ reading comprehension. The subjects (n=103) were administered cloze .tests of anaphoric comprehension in which either 0%, 33%, 66% or 100% of the pronouns were replaced by appropriate referents. Analysis of covariance was utilized to analyze the resulting data, using passage form as the independent variable, and SRA reading achievement scores as the covariate. The null hypothesis was rejected, which stated there would not be significant differences among subjects’ cloze scores on reading the four different forms of the passages. The results suggest that use of anaphoric expressions in some instances will interfere with the reading comprehension of eighth graders. Practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed     

THE IMPACT OF READING RECOVERY PARTICIPATION ON STUDENTS' SELF-CONCEPTS

The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of Reading Recovery participation on students' self-concepts. The 103 participants in the study were students from three metropolitan Atlanta school districts in nine elementary schools. The resultsof theinvestigation revealed statistically significant differences in the adjusted posttest means of Global Self-Concept scores and Significance dimension scores on the Joseph Pre-School and Primary Self-Concept Screening Test with treatment students scoring higher than control students. There was no statistically significant difference in the adjusted posttest means of the Competence dimension scores between the Reading Recovery participants and the control students.     

风险偏好与框架效应对大学生职业决策的影响

在应用Hsee等设计的风险偏好水平问卷对46名大学生进行分组的基础上,通过设计职业决策情境,探究了当代大学生职业决策与其风险偏好、职业方案以及方案的框架性倾向之间的关系。研究结果表明：（1）高风险偏好大学生的职业选择倾向明显高于低风险偏好的大学生,尤其对冒险职业方案的选择中,上述趋势最为明显;（2）框架效应存在于大学生职业决策情境中,他们更倾向于选择采用积极口吻表述的职业方案;（3）大学生对冒险、折中、保守三种方案的职业选择倾向有显著地逐渐增大的趋势。     

NOTE ON THE VALIDITY OF THE POWER LAW

On the basis of previous experimental findings, it is argued that the power law is not based on a true (subjective) ratio scale, but on a quasi-ratio scale. Hence, and in spite of the results of the cross-modality matching, the validity of the power law, as well as the validity of models and equations in which a subjective scale is involved, is doubted. It is further indicated that the validity of Brown's law can, under special conditions, be tested by the relation between subjective variables of velocity, length and time. Finally, the relation between the power law and Luce's theorem is discussed briefly.     

NOTE ON THE RETENTION OF CONNECTED DISCOURSE

Two sentences were constructed having roughly the same content but different predictability ( P -) scores. One or other of the sentences was presented auditorily once only to different groups of subjects who were instructed to listen carefully, without however, being informed of the learning character of the experiment. The groups were then tested for retention after one of the following intervals: IM, 3 min., 2 hours, 20 hours. The sentences were found to differ in memorability (amount recalled) in IM but not in LTM. The reproductions were also analysed with regard to synonym and non-synonym substitutions and the implications for the chunking hypothesis discussed.     

语文学困生与学优生阅读理解监控的发展研究

本研究采用错误检测法和理解自信度评价法,以错误觉察人数、错误觉察成绩、理解自信度评价成绩、阅读时间和阅读理解成绩为分析指标,探讨了不同年级语文学困生与学优生的阅读理解监控特征。结果发现:(1)语文学困生的阅读理解监控能力明显低于学优生;(2)学生对低难度错误信息的理解监控能力明显高于对高难度错误信息的理解监控;(3)随着年级的增长,学生的阅读理解监控能力也随之提高。     

NOTE ON THE DOUBLE CENTERING OF DICHOTOMIZED MATRICES

A method is described for the double centering of dichotomized score matrices. It is based on a modification of the r _s coefficient of Guilford in which a second set of values, based on the reversed scoring of the original set, is used. A comparison of indices from matrices centered in such a manner, with some coefficients customarily obtained from score matrices, is presented.