质的研究:医学教育研究的另一种范式

通过将质的研究与定量研究、定性研究进行各维度对比,充分显示了质的研究范式的独特个性.并使用文献分析法,分析了我国医学教育领域中,医学教育研究方法应用的现状.进而探讨了质的研究范式在医学教育研究领域应用的意义及其优势,以及该研究范式在医学教育研究中如何引入的问题.     

Science, Human Nature, and a New Paradigm for Ethics Education

For centuries, religion and philosophy have been the primary basis for efforts to guide humans to be more ethical. However, training in ethics and religion and imparting positive values and morality tests such as those emanating from the categorical imperative and the Golden Rule have not been enough to protect humankind from its bad behaviors. To improve ethics education educators must better understand aspects of human nature such as those that lead to ??self-deception?? and ??personal bias.?? Through rationalizations, faulty reasoning and hidden bias, individuals trick themselves into believing there is little wrong with their own unethical behavior. The application of science to human nature offers the possibility of improving ethics education through better self-knowledge. The author recommends a new paradigm for ethics education in contemporary modern society. This includes the creation of a new field called ??applied evolutionary neuro-ethics?? which integrates science and social sciences to improve ethics education. The paradigm can merge traditional thinking about ethics from religious and philosophical perspectives with new ideas from applied evolutionary neuro-ethics.     

Paradigm Shift in Theological Education in Southern and Central Africa and its Relevance to Ministerial Formation

Theological education is of crucial importance in the mission of the Church in Southern and Central Africa. This paper discusses the changes that have taken place in theological education in post‐independence Africa. The author argues that theological education during the colonial period was Euro‐centric. As a result, it did not respond adequately to the pressing problems faced by the African people such as colonial oppression, poverty, patriarchy and others. However, the situation has changed dramatically in modern times. Theological educators have realized the significance and importance of context in theological education. They are, thus, seriously taking into account the political, social, economic and religious context in which the African people live today. This has led to the creation of different theologies that are in line with modern and post‐modern challenges facing the African people thereby making the church both relevant and necessary.     

Sanctity of the Body and the Relational Paradigm

The individual is in constant interaction with others from birth onwards. The primary experience evolves from the innate need for bodily touch and connection, which form the foundation for the psychobiological structure of the individual. The body’s anatomy is made to yearn for another, for building a home with the body of another. This makes the body the focal instrument, which is discernible already in the mother–child relationship, as well as later in male–female or husband–wife relationships. The body thus provides the most sacred space, and deep within it carries a natural yearning for another, for having a relationship with another. Relationships are the means through which the body can come to full realization.     

范式理论与生命科学

美国著名科学哲学家库恩在其《科学革命的结构》一书中 ,在纵览科学发展的历史 ,观察科学发展的轨迹基础之上 ,天才地应用了“范式”(ｐａｒａｄｉｇｍ )理论来解释科学发展与科学革命的内在规律和本质 ,其本身就是一场深刻的哲学思想和方法论的革命 ,在科学界、科学史界、哲学界及其它许多领域都产生了划时代的深远影响。范式理论不但在科学规律认识上有大气如虹的方法论功能 ,而且在科学活动和科学创造上有其独特的规范和指导意义。本文就范式理论对生命科学发展的影响进行探讨。1　科学发展的一般规律按照库恩的科学思想和科学发展模式 ,…     

The Atrocity Paradigm and the Concept of Forgiveness

In this article 1 discuss Claudia Card's treatment of war rape in relation to her discussion of the victim's moral power of forgiveness. I argue that her analysis of the victim's power to withhold forgiveness overlooks the paradoxical structure of witnessing, which implies that there is an ungraspable dimension of atrocity. In relation to this ungraspable element, the proposal that victims of atrocity have the power to either offer or withhold forgiveness may have little relevance.     

Exploring the Theory and Paradigm Base for Wraparound

Until recently, family-centered policy and practice used expert models which defined families of children with serious emotional disturbance as dysfunctional A collaborative model, called wraparound, is emerging which engages these families as decision making participants, using naturally occurring strengths to wrap individualized supports around the child and family. However, because wraparound has been defined only through value-based principles, the fidelity of the model is threatened by a developmental paradox. Those who have received training and whose careers have been shaped in more traditional expert models of deficit remediation can interpret these value-based principles as an emergent form of case management methodology. Critical and constructivist paradigms, and ecological systems theory, form a basis for negotiating this paradox to maintain fidelity of wraparound process. Anchored in this base, and derived from wraparound's value-based principles, a single construct with an operative focus is suggested to ensure the integrity of this collaborative model.     

Changing the Paradigm for Engineering Ethics

Modern philosophy recognizes two major ethical theories: deontology, which encourages adherence to rules and fulfillment of duties or obligations; and consequentialism, which evaluates morally significant actions strictly on the basis of their actual or anticipated outcomes. Both involve the systematic application of universal abstract principles, reflecting the culturally dominant paradigm of technical rationality. Professional societies promulgate codes of ethics with which engineers are expected to comply (deontology), while courts and the public generally assign liability to engineers primarily in accordance with the results of their work, whether intended or unintended (consequentialism). A third option, prominent in ancient philosophy, has reemerged recently: virtue ethics, which recognizes that sensitivity to context and practical judgment are indispensable in particular concrete situations, and therefore rightly focuses on the person who acts, rather than the action itself. Beneficial character traits—i.e., virtues—are identified within a specific social practice in light of the internal goods that are unique to it. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for implementing virtue ethics within engineering.     

跨通道情境下双任务范式与计时中断范式中的效应比较*

为了探讨跨通道情境下同一种刺激序列中双任务范式与计时中断范式中位置效应和间断效应的异同,研究设计了实验1和实验2。实验1以2500 ms和4500 ms为目标时距,采用相同的刺激序列(视觉呈现时距信号,听觉呈现干扰信号或中断信号),要求3组被试分别在控制、干扰及中断条件下完成相应任务,结果发现不管2500 ms或4500 ms时,中断条件较干扰条件和控制条件的间断效应更明显;同时发现在2500 ms时,不管控制、干扰还是中断条件下均发现了位置效应,而4500 ms时仅在中断条件下出现了位置效应,这可能由于实验1的控制及干扰任务中的4500 ms时的“晚”位置的时间确定性较高,以致掩盖了位置效应。为了降低“晚”位置出现的确定性,更好地对比两种范式中的效应,实验2将目标时距设置为1500 ms和2500 ms,结果发现在1500 ms或2500 ms时,不管控制、干扰还是中断条件下均发现了位置效应,且中断条件较干扰条件和控制条件下间断效应更明显。上述结果意味着跨通道情境下同一种刺激序列中双任务范式与计时中断范式中位置效应是否相同局限在一定时间范畴;计时中断范式中的中断效应对计时的消弱较双任务范式干扰效应更显著。     

探测记忆提取抑制范式的研究

负启动(NP)范式是用来研究选择性注意中分心信息抑制的一种实验技术.本研究将经典的NP范式修改成"分步启动显示的NP范式",并通过实验1、2分别探讨了"分步启动显示的NP范式"是否适用于选择性注意中分心信息抑制的研究和记忆提取抑制研究的可行性.实验1发现了NP效应,表明这种范式与经典的NP范式一样,能适用于选择性注意中分心信息抑制的研究.实验2也发现了NP效应,表明这种范式研究记忆提取抑制是可行性.     

转换休闲研究的思维范式

国内二十多年来的休闲研究和实践推广,对于我国休闲事业和休闲产业的发展发挥了十分重要的作用。与休闲实践推广和休闲产业发展相比较,休闲理论的研究明显滞后,这不但表现为休闲学作为一门独立学科及其理论建构尚未引起真正重视,也表现为休闲学基本范畴和重要观点纷呈多样、鲜有共识上。出现此种情形的原因可以举出多种,思维范式的问题应是其中值得引起重视的原因之一。目前休闲研究中通常所遵循和运用的三种思维范式值得反思,实现在休闲概念界定上从片断论向超越论的转换、在休闲本质认识上从体验论向存在论的转换、在思考方向与方法上从对象性向切身性的转换势在必行,这对于在休闲学基本范畴和重要理论观点上取得共识、建立规范的休闲学理论、推进休闲理论研究与实践应用的深入具有重要意义。     

中国思想的隐秘渴望--范式转变中的中国哲学

时下有一种观点认为,中国本无哲学.的确,中国本无哲学这一名相.但持论者当然并不仅限于计较名相之有无:说中国本无哲学,并不止于说中国本无哲学之名相,而是说,中国本无源自古希腊的那种称之为哲学的思想习惯和传统.黑格尔在<哲学史讲演录>中认为,孔子的<论语>里讲的只是一种哪里都能找得到的常识道德,孔子只是一个实际的世间智者,在他那里思辨的哲学是一点也没有的--只是一些善良的、老练的、道德的教训;而<易经>中的思想虽然表明中国人也曾注意到抽象的思想和纯粹的范畴,但也只停留在最浅薄的思想里面,超不出抽象的开始.[1]