THE JOINT REPRESENTATION OF CONSTRUCTS AND ELEMENTS IN REPERTORY GRID DATA BY COMPONENT ANALYSIS: SLATER'S INGRID IS NOT THE BEST SOLUTION

The dominant method of analyzing repertory grid data in order to produce a joint spatial representation of constructs and elements has been Slater's INGRID procedure, often labeled "principal components" but more accurately described as a singular-value-­decomposition. This approach also involves centering the grid about construct means. In this article, it is shown that this removes a relationship between construct means and first component loadings for constructs. It is also shown, however, that a strong relationship between element means and element first component loadings remains. Ways of overcoming this problem are examined.     

Comparison of self-reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and behavioral observation data

The strengths and weaknesses for the assessment of personality characteristics of self-reports, reports by knowledgeable informants, and measures based on behavioral observation data are discussed and compared It is suggested that measurement methods should be evaluated with respect to Loevinger's concept of structural validity The concept of structural validity is expanded to include evidence that the scores have properties paralleling the theoretical definition of the characteristic with respect to reliability over occasions, range of referent attributes sampled, and generality across situations or the specification of situation parameters Each of the methods is evaluated for its potential to construct measures with structural validity for different models of constructs The methods are also discussed in relation to several other common threats to validity, specifically, threats stemming from the respondent, from the investigator, and from sampling errors It is likely that demonstrations of convergence between these methods will be possible for some but not all constructs It is also suggested that the examination of structural validity will contribute to the evolution and refinement of constructs appropriate for interactionist theories     

The Investment Model Scale: Measuring commitment level,satisfaction level,quality of alternatives,and investment size

Three studies evaluated the reliability and validity of the Investment Model Scale, an instrument designed to measure four constructs, including commitment level and three bases of dependence–satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. In all three studies, reliability analyses revealed good internal consistency among items designed to measure each construct. Also, principal components analyses performed on scale items revealed evidence of four factors, with items designed to measure each construct loading on independent factors. Studies 2 and 3 examined associations of model variables with instruments measuring diverse qualities of relationships and assorted personal dispositions. As anticipated, Investment Model variables were moderately associated with other measures reflecting superior couple functioning (e.g., dyadic adjustment, trust level, inclusion of other in the self), and were essentially unrelated to measures assessing personal dispositions (e.g., need for cognition, self-esteem). In addition, Study 3 demonstrated that earlier measures of Investment Model variables predicted later levels of dyadic adjustment and later relationship status (persisted vs. ended). It is hoped that the existence of a reliable and valid Investment Model Scale will promote further research regarding commitment and interdependence in ongoing close relationships.     

企业中的上级信任：作为一种行动意愿

组织信任已成为管理学领域的热点研究议题, 虽然研究者开发了多种信任测量工具, 但多数信任测量工具与当前主导的组织信任定义不一致, 缺乏针对意愿的信任测量, 更没有研究探讨不同形态信任之间的关系及相应测量工具的适用范围。本研究以上级信任为切入点, 试图回答上述问题。研究1将信任视为一种行动意愿, 基于信任行为理论框架和开放性问卷结果, 开发了包含6个题目、“依赖”和“表露”两个维度的《企业员工对直接上级信任问卷》。研究2以553名企业员工为被试, 通过潜变量路径分析考察了不同形态信任之间的关系。结果显示：信任(意愿)受认知和情绪因素的共同影响; 可信度在信任基础和信任(意愿)间起部分中介作用; 信任(意愿)在可信度和工作满意的关系中起完全中介作用; 作为意愿的信任, 相对于信任基础(认知和情感信任)和可信度, 与信任结果变量(工作满意)关系最近, 能更直接、有效地测量信任水平。     

中小学生对教师的信任及问卷编制

通过查阅文献、开放式问卷调查、访谈、内容分析等方法提出了中小学生对特定教师的信任结构并编制问卷项目。以小学四年级至初中二年级学生为研究对象,对539名学生进行初步问卷调查,经探索性因素分析得到含20个项目的中小学生对教师信任问卷,然后对1012名学生进行正式调查和验证性因素分析。结果表明:中小学生对特定教师的信任是一个多维结构,包括学生对教师的教学能力、守信可靠和友善关怀三方面的判断;自编的问卷有良好的信度和效度,可作为进一步研究的工具。     

The Dimensionality and Well-being Related Correlates of Work Locus of Control

Abstract

Theoretical and empirical developments with the locus of control construct demonstrate that it is a context-specific multidimensional construct that has implications for stress and well-being. In this paper, the multidimensionality of work-specific locus of control is explored by subjecting Spector's work locus of control scale to principal components analysis. Using samples of 221 university staff and 399 accountants, a two-dimensional structure was uncovered; external agents control and personal control. Correlations with constructs that have been theoretically and empirically associated with locus of control indicate slightly divergent results for the two dimensions, thus demonstrating the importance of treating locus of control as a domain-specific multidimensional construct. In addition, test-retest data with a subsample of 246 accountants suggested that work locus of control may be thought of as a state rather than trait measure.     

中国大学生的人际信任-不信任:单因素还是双因素

为了探讨“信任-不信任是单因素还是双因素”,以中国在校大学生为被试,修订了中国大学生信任-不信任行为问卷。经过探索性因素分析、平行分析和验证性因素分析发现:该问卷包含了两个因素,一个是信任特质对应的因素,另一个是由于计分方法导致的因素,因此接受“信任-不信任是单因素”的假说。进一步了解到中国大学生的人际信任现状较好,且存在性别和专业差异。     

Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust

Although many studies treat trust as a situational construct, individual differences can be used to study and predict trusting behavior. We report two studies, the first showing the psychometric properties of a new trust inventory (the Propensity to Trust Survey or PTS), the second study validating this inventory using the standard economic task, the Investment Game. The first study utilized online survey data (N > 8000) to show that the PTS scales were reliable and measured broad constructs related to Big Five personality domains. Trust was related to extraversion and negative neuroticism, and trustworthiness was related to agreeableness and conscientiousness. The second study (N = 90) validated the PTS trust scale as a predictor of behavior in the Investment Game. These findings are evidence that trust and trustworthiness are compound personality traits, and that PTS scales are preferable to general Big Five measures for predicting trusting behavior.     

Toward Better Prevention: Constructions of Trust in the Sexual Relationships of Young Women

Research on HIV/AIDS interventions indicates that many heterosexual women implement the construct of trust when deciding if preventive measures are necessary. The personal construct model evaluated in this experiment proposes that young women's choice to resist changing from a trust to a nontrust position can be understood in terms of the relationship between their constructs and the hierarchical organization of their construct subsystems. Findings suggest that women with well-defined networks of implications on their nonpreferred pole of the trust/mistrust construct resist HIV-preventive messages that require them to mistrust their partner because the proposed change will involve successive use of subordinate constructs that are incompatible with each other.     

Assessor Constructs in Use as the Missing Component in Validation of Assessment Center Dimensions: A critique and directions for research

The basis for assessment center dimension ratings has been examined through the lens of various multitrait–multimethod approaches, with some researchers concluding that dimension ratings are not representative of meaningful constructs. This presents a serious challenge for those who would generalize predictor constructs, particularly those that are broadly articulated in management assessment center dimensions. This paper addresses the problems with applying such analyses to assessment center dimension ratings without first articulating expected construct relationships. Ackerman and Humphreys' analysis of constructs will be used to better frame assessment center dimensions and to articulate possible assessor constructs in use. Theories of performance held by the managers, who serve both as subject matter experts when dimensional constructs are initially defined, and as the assessors who impose these dimensions on assessees' behavior in assessment center ratings, are suggested as important bases for further construct validation. Approaches for generalization of assessor constructs in use to the managerial work domain will be discussed.     

Defining and Assessing Problem‐Solving Style: Design and Development of a New Tool

VIEW: An Assessment of Problem Solving Style (Selby, Treffinger, & Isaksen, 2002) is a new instrument for assessing problem‐solving style, for use with individuals from ages 12 through adult. It measures three dimensions of style relating to creative problem solving and change management. In this article, we discuss the construction of the instrument, the initial evidence supporting the instrument's reliability and validity, and a very brief overview of the instrument's foundations. Our reliability data involve both stability and internal consistency. We report evidence for the criterion‐related validity, based on correlational studies with relevant measures of learning style, cognitive style, and psychological type. We also conducted principal components factor analyses that support our three‐factor structure. Researchers and practitioners studying and applying Creative Problem Solving and change management methods can use VIEW in several ways. Finally, we identify several research directions that will contribute to the refinement and development of the instrument as well as to a better understanding of the “problem‐solving style” construct.     

互动公正对员工绩效与主管承诺的影响及其机制

采用问卷调查法和结构方程建模技术探讨互动公正对员工绩效与主管承诺的影响及其机制。通过分析215份员工和其直接主管的配对数据,结果发现：(1)互动公正通过主管认知信任的部分中介作用正向影响员工的任务绩效,即一方面直接影响员工的任务绩效,另一方面通过认知信任间接影响员工的任务绩效;(2)互动公正通过主管情感信任的完全中介作用正向影响员工的进谏行为;(3)互动公正通过主管认知信任和情感信任的完全中介作用正向影响员工的主管承诺。     

Measuring Trust between Organizational Boundary Role Persons

Theoretical writings on trust and interorganizational collaboration have neglected the measurement aspects of trust. Defining trust as an individual′s behavioral reliance on another person under a condition of risk, we developed and tested the construct validity of a questionnaire measure that assessed trust between the individuals who provide the linking mechanism across organizational boundaries, namely, boundary role persons (BRPs). The measure′s hypothesized multidimensionality was examined. The measure was tested in relation to a nomological network comprised of individual-level correlates based on Ajzen and Fishbein′s (1980) theory of reasoned action and dyad-level correlates regarding the longevity of the relationship between BRPs, the anticipated future longevity of their relationship, and their ability to manage conflict. Survey and archival data were used. Support for the measure′s construct validity came from individual-level confirmatory factor analyses. Further support came from analyses of individual-level and dyad-level correlates. Implications for the measure′s use in future theory testing on BRP trust and interorganizational collaboration are discussed.     

大学生人际信任与主观幸福感的关系:亲社会行为与攻击行为的中介作用

为考察大学生的人际信任对主观幸福感的影响机制以及亲社会行为和攻击行为的中介作用,采用人际信任问卷、亲社会行为问卷、攻击行为问卷、幸福感指数问卷对2256名大学生进行调查。研究结果显示:(1)人际信任正向预测大学生的主观幸福感,人际信任水平越高,主观幸福感越好;(2)人际信任通过亲社会行为与攻击行为的中介作用,间接影响主观幸福感。     

Interactive Elicitation and Exchange of Knowledge

This paper gives a state-of-the-art report on the use of techniques based on personal construct psychology to automate interactive elicitation of cognitive structures for group learning and decision making. It outlines the structure and key components of the RepGrid implementation on a network of Macintosh computers, which includes tools for interactive reperto y grid elicitation and analysis, and a system for intemctizely exchanging and comparing reperto y grids from multiple simultaneous users on the network. The users of RepGrid are attempting to extend and understand their own thinking and problem-solving capabilities by interacting w'th other people. They are able to: see the relationship of thrir points of view to those of others explore differing termin, logy for the same constructs become aware of differing constructs having the same terminology extend their own construct systems with those of others provide others with constructs they have found valuable explore a problem-solving domain using the fill group resources     

社会公正与政治信任：民众对政府的合作行为机制

胡锦涛在中共十八大上提出：必须坚持维护社会公平正义。对社会公正的认知直接决定着民众的政治信任, 进而影响民众对政府的合作。近年来频发的群体性事件即是非合作行为的典型表征。然而, 国内外研究中至今没有直接探讨社会公正与政治信任影响合作行为的实证支持, 更无法进一步揭示其作用于合作行为的过程和条件。鉴于此, 本研究将社会公正分为分配公正和程序公正, 将政治信任分为工具信任和情感信任, 采用实验室研究、现场研究和问卷调查研究相结合的方法, 探讨社会公正对合作行为的过程机制, 建立其通过工具信任和情感信任作用于合作行为的双路径模型; 并进一步分析结果依赖性对这一路径模型的调节作用。本研究有望提出社会公正与政治信任影响合作行为的双路径模型及其调节变量, 一方面在理论上深化和拓展本领域的研究, 另一方面实践中通过提升公正感、强化过程变量(政治信任)、干预调节变量(结果依赖性)等策略促进合作行为。     

Does paternalistic leadership promote innovative behavior? The interaction between authoritarianism and benevolence

We theorize about the separate and interactive effects of the two primary elements of paternalistic leadership: authoritarianism and benevolence. Accordingly, we test a mediating mechanism through which these components of paternalistic leadership stimulate employee innovative and knowledge‐sharing behaviors. A multi‐source and multi‐level study involving 302 employee‐supervisor‐peer triads in 60 Chinese technology‐based organizations supported the association between the interaction of benevolent and authoritarian leadership and employee affective trust, innovative behavior, and knowledge sharing. Moreover, affective trust mediated the interaction of benevolence and authoritarianism on employee innovative behavior and knowledge sharing. We suggest that, the two constructs underlying paternalistic leadership might promote employee breakthrough behaviors across cultures. That is, their demanding and yet selfless stance turns authoritarian‐benevolent leaders into prototypes of the followers' aspirational social identity.     

Can religiosity boost meaning in life and suppress stress for Muslim college students?

The aim of this study was to predict the quality and meaning in life from the level of religiousness. Also, the two variables were used to predict stress and stress-related problems at family and personal levels. To achieve the objectives of the study, 344 Muslim college students from Oman responded to tailored questionnaire. The questionnaire encompassed three major subscales: religiousness, meaning in life and stress-related problems. Religiousness consisted of three constructs; and stress consisted of four constructs: personal, emotional, family, and confidence problems. The constructs within each subscale revealed acceptable validity and reliability. The results revealed that the religiousness construct strongly linked to meaning in life, but guilt feelings and non-religiosity were not. Whereas positively predicted meaning in life, religiousness was only indirectly negatively related to the stress constructs. Non-religiosity linked to all stress constructs. An important implication of this study is that Islam is a cornerstone in the life of Muslims and can be employed in counselling and rehabilitation programmes.     

Psychometric evaluation of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in a community-based sample of Scottish men participating in an organized sporting event

As the drive for muscularity is an important construct for researchers involved in understanding men's body image, having reliable and valid measures of the construct is essential. This study assessed the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) in a community-based sample of 594 Scottish men participating in an organized running event. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two subscales (Muscularity-oriented body image and Muscularity behavior) as well as a higher-order factor. Both subscales and the total score had acceptable levels of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct validity. These findings provide support for the DMS as a measure of the drive for muscularity in men. It is recommended that, in future, careful consideration is given to the distinction between muscularity attitudes and behavior.