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吉利根对道德认知发展理论的修正 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
道德认知发展理论要点之一是“公正”是个体道德思维的唯一取向。吉利根对此提出责疑,指出其在理论假设和研究方法上的问题,并从对已有研究材料、伦理哲学文献的考察和实证研究两方面指出人类社会和个体存在着“公正”和“关怀”两种道德取向及其与性别的关系。这是对已有理论的重大修正,也提出了新的研究课题。 相似文献
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当代西方心理学的三种新取向及其比较 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
当代西方心理学界先后出现了后现代心理学、积极心理学和进化心理学等新的研究取向。这三种取向在对现代主义心理学反思和批判的基础上构建着各自的理论体系和研究视野,并对西方心理学产生了深刻的冲击和影响。本文综述了这三种取向的核心观点和基本特征,论证了它们对当代西方心理学研究的积极影响及存在的问题,主张反思的意义在于超越,不同取向的整合应基于宽容与对话。 相似文献
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研究证实,现代心理中存在着“科学”与“人文”两种文化之间的分裂与冲突。科学主义研究方法的局限性受到了批评,首先,实证主义的研究方法抹杀了“人”的存在,割裂了人性;其次,他忽视心理现象与人的存在的社会历史性;另外,科学主义的研究方法所提倡的“价值中立”说,既在操作上不可行,同时也压制与扼杀了弱势群体的观点、愿望和呼声。人文主义的研究方法也因片面夸大情绪、需要与非理性体验的作用,具有神秘主义色彩而受到批评。总的说来,片面强调科学或片面强调人文的研究方法,对心理学的发展都会产生消极作用。基于这种认识,当代心理学研究方法的发展,有三个主要趋向:①整合两种文化,实现心理学中两种文化的统一,②将人文与社会科学的一些研究方法引入心理学研究领域,重视文化、历史与社会环境因素在心理学研究中的重要意义,③心理学的本土化。 相似文献
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西方儿童绘画与认知发展关系研究的进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
0引言儿童绘画有着独特的特点,是儿童表达情绪、情感和对事物的理解的一种方式,它反映着儿童对周围世界的认识程度,是研究儿童认知发展的一个很好的工具。儿童在画画时,采用与成人绘画不同的表征策略。绘画表征策略的发展反映出认知发展的过程。西方发展心理学家在儿童绘画与认知发展的关系方面做了一些工作,发表了大量的研究报告。但是在国内这方面的探讨还比较少。本文介绍的是国外这一领域的一些研究结果和研究动态与趋势。1儿童画所表现的是什么?儿童画画的是什么,这是儿童绘画认知发展研究的一个中心问题。Piaget[1]… 相似文献
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潘菽把心理分为认识活动与意向活动,两者在内容、功能及具体特征等方面都存在着明显的对立,但又在实践的基础上紧密联系,统一于人类的实践。这为回答当代科学与人文两种取向心理学对立的根源、统一的基础及途径等问题提供了一种新的视角。 相似文献
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心理学自1879年独立以来,由于种种原因,其发展一直存在着非人性化与人性化的矛盾与冲突,而这种矛盾与冲突所带来的最严重的后果是导致心理学出现了分裂,心理学成为了一门学派纷争、理论对立、组织分裂的学科。该文着重分析了心理学的两大研究范式间和科学主义心理学本身中所存在的非人性化与人性化的矛盾与冲突,希望借此能对我国心理学的发展有所启示。 相似文献
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儿童概念发展的研究有三种研究范式:经验主义、理性主义、社会历史主义。近几十年来,沿着这三种研究路线的概念发展观在内容以及方法上都发生了极大的变革,出现了几种新的研究取向,不同研究范式之间的融合趋势日益增强。 相似文献
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In the current research, the authors examined children's observed compliance in a family clean-up paradigm and parents' reports of coparenting to predict young children's conscience (e.g., affective discomfort and moral regulation) in a sample of 58 families with two parents and at least two children. The authors found relations between parents' reports of children's conscience development and observer-rated compliance in a family clean-up session, and significant correlations between coparenting and conscience development. There were a greater number of significant results for younger, 2-year-old siblings than for older siblings, which may reflect the importance of the period between 2 and 3 years for the emergence of conscience. Multiple regressions revealed that younger siblings' age, observed compliance/noncompliance, and parents' reports of coparenting were all significant in predicting parents' reports of affective discomfort and moral regulation. Findings underscore the importance of continuing research on whole-family dynamics when studying young children's early conscience and moral regulation. 相似文献
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Research on children's development of ethnic cognition from preschool through adolescence was reviewed. This review was based on research conducted on (a) children's ethnic cognition, (b) children's social-cognitive development, (c) children's understanding of a variety of social status, and (d) Quintana's model of children's understanding of ethnicity. Four developmental levels were described: Integration of affective and perceptual understanding of ethnicity (level 0), literal understanding of ethnicity (level 1), social and nonliteral perspective of ethnicity (level 2), and ethnic-group consciousness and ethnic identity (level 3). For each developmental level, applied implications were discussed. 相似文献
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探讨中国儿童数字估计的表征模式与发展趋势。包括两个实验,均采用数字线估计任务,实验一以92名幼儿园、一年级及二年级儿童为被试,考察其在0~100范围的数字估计,结果显示,幼儿园儿童在数字估计更多地采用对数表征,而一二年级的儿童在数字估计中更多地采用线性表征;实验二以86名一、三、五年级儿童为被试,考察其在0~1000范围的数字估计,结果显示,一年级儿童有一半采用对数表征,另一半采用线性表征,而三五年级儿童大多采用线性表征。中国儿童的数字估计表现出与美国儿童相同的发展模式,都是由不精确的对数表征逐步向精确的线性表征发展;人的数表征有多种形式,即使在同一年龄阶段,也会因任务难度的不同而选择不同的表征模式。中国儿童精确数字估计能力的出现要早于美国儿童。 相似文献
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Although peers' and teachers' evaluations of children's prosocial behavior and peers' sociometric ratings frequently have been used in studies of social development, the validity of young children's ratings of others has been questioned, as has that for teachers' ratings of prosocial behavior. In this study, preschoolers' ratings of peers' sociometric status and prosocial behavior, as well as teachers' ratings of children's prosocial dispositions, were obtained. These were correlated with children's naturally occurring prosocial or social behavior; ratings of prosocial behavior also were correlated with children's prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial self-attributions. Peers' sociometric ratings were positively related to children's sociability whereas prosocial ratings were related to helping (but not sharing) behavior. Teachers' ratings of prosocial behavior were not related to frequency of prosocial behaviors, but were positively related to developmentally mature moral judgments and self-reported motives. 相似文献
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Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Harvey E 《Developmental psychology》1999,35(2):445-459
This study examined the effects of early parental employment on children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Minimal effects on children's later functioning were found. Early maternal employment status and the timing and continuity of early maternal employment were not consistently related to children's development. Working more hours was associated with slightly lower cognitive development through age 9 and slightly lower academic achievement scores before age 7 but had no significant relation to children's behavior problems, compliance, or self-esteem. Early parental employment appeared to be somewhat more beneficial for single mothers and lower income families. There was some support for the hypothesis that early parental employment positively affects children's development by increasing family income. 相似文献
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摘要本研究以1128名四到六年级的外来工与城市居民子女作为被试,以儿童孤独感问卷(CLS)与父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)为研究工具,对外来工与城市居民子女的社会孤独感与父母养育方式的关系进行研究。运用多因素方差分析与回归分析等统计方法对研究数据进行处理,结果表明:(1)儿童孤独感性别差异显著,男生的孤独感显著高于女生;(2)儿童孤独感年龄差异显著,随着年龄增长,孤独感强度呈现出显著的下降趋势;(3)外来工子女的孤独感显著高于城市居民子女的孤独感,父惩罚因子、父偏爱因子与母关心理解因子对儿童孤独感影响显著,能较好的预测儿童孤独感。 相似文献