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体验是情绪的核心成份之一.然而,由于体验的复杂性,长期以来情绪心理学家乃至整个心理学界却一直鲜有研究.为弥补情绪心理学研究的缺失,更为了进一步完善心理学中基本概念的研究,该文首先从散见于相关学科对体验概念的零星论述中,提炼出建构体验概念所需的思想质料与方法.随后对其进行系统化的理论分析,指出目前研究中存在的问题.最后,通过相关概念辨析的方法揭示出心理学意义上体验的内涵,即体验,是个体以身体为中介,以“行或思”为手段,以知情相互作用为典型特征,作用于人的对象对人产生意义时而引发的不断生成的居身状态. 相似文献
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当代心理学发展的一种新取向--进化心理学 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
进化心理学是近年在西方心理学中出现的一种新的研究取向,目前仍没有一个明确的概念和系统的理论。其基本主张是:过去是理解心理机制的关键;功能分析是理解心理机制的主要途径;心理机制是在解决问题的过程中演化形成的;模块性是心理机制整体组织的特性;人的行为是心理机制和环境互动作用的结果。进化心理学的发展既有意义同时也存在局限。其意义是:其发展与当代科学发展趋势相一致;它的研究促进了对人性和心理的进一步思考。局限是:具有遗传决定论的倾向;方法论存在一定的缺陷,忽视了文化对进化的意义等等。 相似文献
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异常心理病理机制的哲学思考 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过现代心理学、异常心理学、心理哲学及分子生物学的研究成果对异常心理病理机制的哲学分析,探讨异常心理病理机制的哲学本质.异常心理同正常心理一样不仅有自然物质世界的各种特性,还有许多自然物质世界不具有的高级和复杂特性.异常心理病理机制的哲学本质是它的意义世界和价值世界. 相似文献
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国外关于进化心理学的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
进化心理学是近年在西方心理学中出现的一种新的研究取向,目前仍没有一个明确的概念和系统的理论。其基本主张是:过去是理解心理机制的关键;功能分析是理解心理机制的主要途径;心理机制是在解决问题的过程中演化形成的模块性是心理机制整体组织的特性;人的行为是心理机制和环境互动作用的结果。进化心理学从诞生之日起,就引起了各种各样的争议,赞成者认为:①心理学会成为更多的达尔文主义的理论建构;②进化心理学将使心理学走向统一;③进化心理学向传统社会科学提出了挑战。反对者认为:①进化心理学是一种不成熟的科学;②进化心理学是一种貌似科学的研究取向。 相似文献
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观念艺术是一种对当代生活以及人们的心理体验进行模仿、呈现和提炼的艺术表现形式。对人的心理需求的研究是当代艺术中不可或缺的一部分,从心理学的角度探讨观念艺术中人的美学需求问题,可以揭示心理学思想指导艺术实践活动的全部过程。 相似文献
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Nicki Marquardt 《Ethics & behavior》2013,23(2):128-148
This article examines the relationship between implicit mental processes and ethical decisions made by managers. Based on the dual-process view in social and cognitive psychology, it is argued that social cognition (e.g., moral judgments) can rely on two different modes of information processing. On one hand, moral judgments reflect explicit, conscious, and extensive cognitive processes, which are attributed to explicit attitude. On the other hand, moral judgments may also be based on implicit, automatic, and effortless processes referring to implicit attitude. To test this thesis, a study involving 182 participants was conducted. The results support the thesis. 相似文献
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We investigated the influence of size on identification, priming, and explicit memory for color photos of common objects. Participants studied objects displayed in small, medium, and large sizes and memory was assessed with both implicit identification and explicit recognition tests. Overall, large objects were easier to identify than small objects and study-to-test changes in object size impeded performance on explicit but not implicit memory tests. In contrast to previous findings with line-drawings of objects but consistent with predictions from the distance-as-filtering hypothesis, we found that study-test size manipulations had large effects on old/new recognition memory test for objects displayed in large size at test but not for objects displayed small or medium at test. Our findings add to the growing body of literature showing that the findings obtained using line-drawings of objects do not necessarily generalize to color photos of common objects. We discuss implications of our findings for theories of object perception, memory, and eyewitness identification accuracy for objects. 相似文献
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People have an amazing ability to identify objects and scenes with only a glimpse. How automatic is this scene and object identification? Are scene and object semantics—let alone their semantic congruity—processed to a degree that modulates ongoing gaze behavior even if they are irrelevant to the task at hand? Objects that do not fit the semantics of the scene (e.g., a toothbrush in an office) are typically fixated longer and more often than objects that are congruent with the scene context. In this study, we overlaid a letter T onto photographs of indoor scenes and instructed participants to search for it. Some of these background images contained scene-incongruent objects. Despite their lack of relevance to the search, we found that participants spent more time in total looking at semantically incongruent compared to congruent objects in the same position of the scene. Subsequent tests of explicit and implicit memory showed that participants did not remember many of the inconsistent objects and no more of the consistent objects. We argue that when we view natural environments, scene and object relationships are processed obligatorily, such that irrelevant semantic mismatches between scene and object identity can modulate ongoing eye-movement behavior. 相似文献
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W Wippich 《Archiv für Psychologie》1990,142(3):181-193
Effects of learning can show in a direct, i.e., explicit way, or they can be expressed indirectly, i.e., in an implicit way. It is investigated whether hepatic information shows implicit effect, and whether implicit haptic memory effects are based primarily on motor or on sensory memory components. In the first phase blindfolded subjects had to palpate objects in order to answer questions about the objects' distinct properties as fast as possible. In the following phase this task was repeated with the same objects and additional control items. Additionally, recognition judgements were required. Results demonstrate reliable effects of implicit memory for haptic information in terms of reaction times to old vs. new objects. Subjects who had to wear plastic gloves in the first stage showed comparable effects of repetition priming. Changing the questions--and, thus, hand movements--during the palpitation of objects known from the first stage, however, abolishes implicit memory expression. It is concluded, therefore, that implicit memory for haptic information is based on motor processes. On the other hand, explicit memory is hampered in subjects wearing gloves during the first phase, as revealed in terms of recognition performance while changing the questions about objects' properties has no effect on recognition judgements. Thus, explicit memory for haptic information seems to be based on the sensory processes when touching objects. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. Christiane Ludwig-Körner 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2005,21(3):267-276
Freud’s view of the infant as passive and undifferentiated, motivated primarily by the goal of tension reduction, who needs his objects only for the satisfaction of his oral needs, is not shared by many psychologists any more. In this essay I try with the help of other approaches of developmental psychology such as Bühler and Lichtenstein to create a connection to Gestalt theory. Gestalt psychology was before the Second World War the leading psychological theory even outside the borders of Germany and experiences today a silent comeback in psychoanalytical infant research and the theories of intersubjectivity. Central characteristics of development are the changes in the individual in the context of his environment: expansion, transformation and reorganization. Integration plays an important role, because development is not only a differentiation of parts, but at the same time an increasing connection of all these parts to each other. This is another axiom of Gestalt theory confirmed meanwhile by modern brain research. 相似文献
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Robert J. Rydell Allen R. McConnell Laura M. Strain Heather M. Claypool Kurt Hugenberg 《European journal of social psychology》2007,37(5):867-878
This research examined the processes by which explicit and implicit attitudes changed to systematically differing levels of counterattitudinal (CA) information. Explicit attitudes changed quickly in response to relatively small amounts of CA information, reflecting rule‐based reasoning. On the other hand, implicit attitudes changed more slowly in the face of CA information, reflecting the progressive accretion of evaluation‐attitude object pairings. Thus, explicit attitudes were extremely malleable and changed quickly when CA information was presented, however, implicit attitudes revealed a slow, linear change trajectory resulting from the on‐going accrual of information about the attitude object. Implications for the processes underlying implicit and explicit attitudes are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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美国现象学心理学家阿米多·乔治基于科学和心理学视角所提出的经验现象学心理学是对胡塞尔现象学的继承和发展。这表现为:在批判对象上,从胡塞尔的反二元论细化为反自然科学心理学;在出发点和基本原则上,将胡塞尔的生活世界、意向性、还原等概念从超验层面放置到经验层面;在研究方法上,从胡塞尔的描述还原过程转向具体的描述现象学心理学方法。本质上,乔治的经验现象学心理学与胡塞尔的现象学一脉相承,不仅完美地展示了后者的基本原理,更在具体概念和操作应用上充实且超越了后者。 相似文献