人类意識的起源和发展

人类意識的起源和发展問題在現代科学中占有重要的地位,哲学的基本問題是意識对存在的关系問題,它如何解决,是唯物主义和唯心主义的根本分界綫。唯物主义者认为物貭是第一性的;意識是第二性的,是物貭长期发展的結果,是派生的。因此,研究人类意識的起源和发展,对馬克思主义哲学是有着重大意义的。 人类意識的起源和发展問題,是心理学的基本理論,它涉及到广泛的科学领域,只有在馬克思主义指导下,心理学联合人类学、考古学、語言学、历史学以及其它許多学科,进行綜合性的研究才能得到解决。现代科学对于这个問題已经积累了相当重要的資料和科学論据。     

内隐和外显记忆的发展研究

采用Buchner等人（1995）提出的加工分离范式的修正模型,对内隐和外显记忆进行分离。结果表明：内隐记忆水平随年龄的变化不大．而外显记忆水平在12岁左右达到高峰;内隐记忆与外显记忆均不具有性别差异。     

心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系

该文通过对我国２９个省、市、自治区及４５个国家和地区情况统计材料的分析研究,探讨了心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系。结果表明,经济和科学技术发展水平较高的国家和地区,其心理学发展水平也相对较高;心理学家数目的增长依赖于经济和社会需求;心理学发展晚于经济发展并服从于Ｓ形模型;对于经济实力尚不够强大的国家,提供更多的机会培训心理学家是十分重要的;应重视和加速我国心理学的发展,以适应经济发展的需要。     

双语与认知发展关系的近期研究进展

双语与认知发展的关系一直是心理学家关注的一个重要问题。该文从双语的概念入手,介绍了双语的几种重要的分类、双语和认知发展及元语言意识发展的关系、相关的理论解释以及双语儿童认知优势的内在机制,最后对已有研究进行了评述并提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

军用能力倾向测验的产生、发展和贡献

军用能力倾向测验是为军事需要服务的能力倾向测验,它有独立的产生和发展过程并在整个能力倾向测验领域起关键作用。在特殊能力倾向的效度研究,能力理论的验证,发现新的能力和测验手段上的创新等方面均有重要贡献。     

THE STRUCTURE AND PROCESS OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT*

In the present article, a theory of intellectual development is summarized which attempts to integrate the general structural approach pioneered by Piaget, with the more recent ‘process’ oriented approaches proposed by information processing theorists on the one hand, and by Pascual-Leone (in his M-Operator theory) on the other. The resultant theory is one which proposes that children's control structures progress through four general stages in the course of their development, with three recursive substages being identifiable at each. Transition to a new stage of development occurs as a result of the hierarchical integration of two qualitatively distinct control structures, each one of which was assembled and consolidated towards the end of the previous stage. By contrast, progress within a stage occurs as a result of the step-wise attention to, and non-hierarchical integration of, an increasing number of similar elements, each one of which was assembled towards the beginning of the new stage. The variable that determines the maximum rate at which within-stage progress can take place is the size of the child's working memory, which is seen as growing in response to both maturational and experiential variables. A similar process is seen as determining the timing of across-stage transitions; however, this process is as yet less well articulated. Several different sorts of empirical evidence have been gathered so far, to support the overall structure of the theory. After this evidence is described and illustrated, the article concludes with a summary of the theory in postulate form.     

THE DEVELOPMENT AND GENERALIZATION OF DELAYED IMITATION1

An individual's behavior can be identified as imitative if it temporally follows the behavior of another individual and if its topography is controlled by the demonstrated behavior [Baer, Peterson, and Sherman (Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1967, 10 , 405–416)]. This definition takes into account both temporal and topographical characteristics of the behavior in question. More recent research in the area of imitation has interpreted the temporal component of the above definition differentially by limiting imitation to those topographically similar responses occurring within 3, 5, or 10 sec after a model's demonstration. Yet, Gewirtz and Stingle (Psychological Review, 1968, 75 , 375–397) pointed out that much of the imitation seen in young children is not of this immediate nature, but instead occurs sometime after a model's response. They further suggest that this type of imitative behavior can be characterized as a response class and is susceptible to development and modification as a function of consequences delivered to subjects contingent on this type of delayed responding. Four retarded children, three initially imitative and one nonimitative, were individually trained to imitate a number of motor responses in an immediate and a delayed fashion. Immediate imitation was defined as a response similar to a model's demonstration occurring within 5 sec after the model's demonstration; delayed imitation was defined as a response similar to a model's demonstration occurring more than 5 sec, but not more than 25 sec, after the model's demonstration. A reversal (ABAB) design was employed to examine the experimental development of a generalized delayed imitative repertoire. Untrained probe responses were demonstrated to subjects systematically through the ongoing training. Generalized immediate and delayed imitation were observed in each subject; this generalization was restricted to the type of imitation currently undergoing training. This development of a generalized imitation repertoire was observed in each subject. That is, these subjects imitated some responses that had never been specifically trained. More importantly, a training package consisting of prompting, fading, and consequences for delayed imitation functioned to develop generalized delayed imitation. These data exemplify a special case of generalization that was a function of the most recent training history of immediate or delayed imitation. The reversal design demonstrated that imitations of nontrained models were either delayed or immediate, depending upon which form of imitation was currently receiving training. Therefore, for each form of imitation trained, delayed or immediate, a corresponding response class was demonstrated. These data relate to data reported by Garcia, Baer, and Firestone (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1971, 4 , 101–112). The association lies in the proposition that there are identifiable boundaries of generalized imitation and that these boundaries are functionally related to previous training histories.     

结构方程模式的发展与应用

结构方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)在教育、心理研究中得到非常广泛的应用,但目前还有一些理论和技术上的问题有待于澄清。尤其在国内,许多研究者对这种统计方法不十分了解,因此导致了对该程序的误用以及对结果的错误解释。为此,文章首先对SEM的设计和估计方面的一些问题加以讨论;其次指出SEM在近期的一些发展以及在某些方面的最新应用;最后文章还对SEM的局限性进行了简要评述。     

亲子互动研究及其进展

亲子互动研究是从父母与儿童互动的角度来研究父母与儿童的交往行为,在近几十年来越来越受到国内外研究者的关注。该文从亲子互动影响因素和亲子互动与儿童心理、行为发展的关系两个方面介绍了亲子互动的有关研究,同时又从有缺陷儿童的亲子互动和父亲在亲子互动中的作用介绍了亲子互动研究的进展。     

爬行与婴儿共同注意能力的发展

本研究考察了８～１１个月婴儿共同注意能力的发展趋势以及爬行与其发展的关系。结果表明：１）一岁以内的婴儿在共同注意时有仅跟视相同方向与准确定位他人注视点两种不同水平的表现,这两种表现具有不同的发展趋势;２）影响婴儿共同注意时仅跟视相同方向水平发展的主要因素是婴儿的年龄,爬行时间的效应不显著;３）对婴儿准确定位的发展而言,影响其发展的重要因素是婴儿的爬行而不是婴儿的年龄。     

新的发展模型和价值观念问题

今天,当代文明的发展正处于某种转折点上。这样的想法并不新颖。历史学家、哲学家和社会学家们都曾经提出过这样的论断。只要人类受到了日益恶化的全球性危机的威胁,发展战略就必须改变,这是显而易见的。不过,这里却会出现下列问题：这样的战略变化应当由什么内容构成呢？一般说来,当人们针对这个问题提出各种答案的时候,     

青少年情感关系的特点和发展变化

考察了13～22岁青少年与重要他人的情感关系特点和发展变化,结果发现: (1)青少年的情感关系存在显著的性别差异.男被试对父母的情感需要总体随年龄增长逐渐减少,但没达到显著的年龄差异.而女被试则表现出逐渐增加的趋势,年龄差异显著.男女青少年在各年龄段对同性朋友的情感需要最多.(2)随年龄增长,男青少年在寻求父母亲近、接受父母情感支持、肯定、鼓励和帮助上都逐渐减少,而女青少在这些方面表现出增加的趋势.而且,男女青少年在给予父母照顾上以及对异性朋友的各项心理功能的需要上都表现出增加趋势.(3)根据焦点人物来划分情感关系类型,发现在初中和高中阶段,同性朋友类型所占的比例最高,到大学阶段异性朋友类型的比例最高.而父母类型所占的比例比较少.     

THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONAL CONTROL OF READING-COMPREHENSION BEHAVIOR1

Reading comprehension, indicated by motor behavior and multiple-choice picture selection called for in written instructions, was taught to an autistic child using verbal prompts, modelling, and physical guidance. The child was rewarded for correct behaviors to training items; nonrewarded probes were used to assess generalization. Probable maintaining events were assessed through their sequential removal in a reversal design. Results showed: (a) following acquisition, performance was maintained at a near-100% level when candy, praise, attention, and training were removed, (b) absence of other persons was correlated with a marked decrease in performance, whereas their presence was associated with performance at near 100%, and (c) performance generalized to probes and across experimenters. Rewards, which may have been reinforcing during acquisition, did not appear necessary to maintain later performance. Instead, presence of others (a setting event) was demonstrated to have control over maintained performance.     

儿童实用创造力发展及其与家庭环境的关系

以中小学生（9岁至16岁）为研究对象,采用实用创造性测验任务,探查了儿童创造力的发展以及家庭环境因素对于创造力的影响,并得到如下的结论：（1）儿童的创造力随年龄发展逐渐提高,但创造力新颖性、流畅性和变通性三个维度的发展并不均衡,流畅性和变通性在9至11岁期间比其他年龄阶段发展得更快;（2）家庭环境对于儿童的创造力有直接影响也有间接影响,其中间接影响是通过影响创造性态度而得以实现的。     

个体之间的相互作用和儿童左右概念的发展

此实验利用5—6岁儿童左右概念的发展来研究在其它条件相同的情况下,不同形式的个体之间(不仅儿童之间,而且大人和儿童之间)的相互作用对儿童认知发展的影响。通过预试选取两种不同水平的儿童后用不同的相互作用方法训练,训练完立即对他们单独再测试,看他们在握掌此概念上的进步情况。此实验研究了;(1)儿童在和同伴或和大人共同作业时能否产生冲突以及儿童是用什么方式解决冲突的;(2)儿童单独作业时能否意识到自己前后答案的不一致而产生认知冲突;(3)以上2个问题和儿童在预试时已具有的水平之间的关系以及和他们在再测试时表现出来的进步之间的关系。