REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS AND THE HOPE OF PEACE

Abstract. Anthropological analysis of religion, following Bronislaw Mahowski, is founded in empirical observational data gained at least in part by participant observation. Malinowski described religion as a "sociological charter" which is a "retrospective moral pattern of behavior," constructed as a myth after the fact of behavior. Anthony F. C. Wallace's revitalization model provides the mechanism through which the Malinowskian charter is developed. Jack Wilson's Ghost Dance religion is briefly described as an example of a revitalization movement, and it is suggested that both contemporary peace movements and militant Christian movements are revitalization movements.     

WAR, PEACE, AND RELIGION'S BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION

Abstract. A recent scientifically and historically grounded theory on human genetic and cultural evolution suggests why the religious elements of culture became the primary source of both peaceful cooperation within societal ingroups and at the same time of destructive wars with outgroups. It also describes the role of religion in the evolution of ape-men into humans. The theory indicates why human societal life is not long viable without the underpinning of a healthy, noncoercive, religious faith; why sound religious faith is weak now; and why we may hope both for better morals and for worldwide cooperation in peace.     

PEACE, JUSTICE, FREEDOM, AND COMPETENCE

Abstract. Peace, justice, and freedom are hard to define, but closely related. Peace has many meanings; an important one is "inclusive peace," defined by dividing total human activity into war and "not war." Justice is an elusive concept related to the legitimacy of property and the structure of equality. Freedom "to,""from," and "of" have different meanings, all related to the boundaries and legitimacy of property. The market has the virtue of economizing agreement and consensus. The existence of public goods necessitates government. Peace, justice, and freedom are unlikely to be achieved without competence, which fortunately can be learned.     

政治哲学的连续性:世俗化政治哲学中的战争与和平

我在本文开初考察托马斯·霍布斯的思想中关于国内战争和国家间战争的不对称的论述,就是说,在离开自然状态———那是一种个人间普遍通行的状况———和自然状态中的持久性(它形成一种存在于国家间的状况)之间的不对称。其次,我要论述康德通过双重引入进步和“世界政治的”和平的观念,超越这种不对称而取得思想进展。近些年来哈贝马斯对康德的永久和平思想的关注(哈贝马斯,1996 ) ,新近在科索沃与车臣发生的事件及其对形成一个国际刑事法庭去审判反人类罪的涵义,都激发了关于国内和平和超国界的权利问题的研讨。在霍布斯著述中关于战争的不…     

COOPERATION,COMPETITION AND ALTRUISM AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN IN ZAMBIA

Partant de l'hypothèse que l'Africain traditionnel est plus coopératif que l'Européen ou le Nord-Américain — la société occidentale orientant vers des conduites compétitives — l'auteur propose à quarante garçons zambiens et quarante garçons blancs le jeu du Dilemme du Prisonnier et un second jeu où chaque enfant possède le contrôle total du gain relatif apparent de son adversaire. Le plan expérimental de type factoriel 2×2× utilise les variables suivantes : groupe ethnico-racial du sujet, groupe ethnico-racial de l'adversaire ainsi que deux niveaux d'apparente coopération de l'opposant. Aucun des effets principaux ni des interactions ne fut significatif. La variance des groupes zambiens apparut significativement plus grande que celle des groupes américains-européens dans le jeu du Dilemme du Prisonnier et surtout dans le cas d'un partenaire coopératif. l'esprit de compétition s'avéra très élevé dans tous les groupes et des expériences complémentaires ne purent révéler beaucoup d'altruisme.