言语产生的同音词表征：模型争论与再思

言语产生和言语理解都涉及同音词在通达过程的表征。言语产生研究中,Levelt和Caramazza分别从通达的两阶段分离激活和独立网络模型推出了同音词的分享和独立表征模型,并用语言实验的频率效应和病人的语音治疗效应给予检验。本文评述了研究的新进展,探讨了同音词表征模型的分歧,认为同音词词汇表征与语言差异、加工范式、知觉通道等有关。从言语理解（言语知觉和词汇再认）的研究表明,这两种表征模型可能难以概括同音词尤其是汉语同音词的表征。本文根据言语理解研究的新近发现建议了一些可能的表征模型。     

言语产生的认知神经机制

从认知神经科学的角度阐述了言语产生中时间进程及其激活脑区的研究进展。首先简单介绍了言语产生中词汇通达的2种理论观点。在此基础上介绍了运用电生理技术指标LRP和N200,采用双重判断任务范式对言语产生的时间进程的研究。最后论述了有关语言产生的神经心理学研究和脑成像研究,重点阐述了言语产生中时间进程相对应的激活脑区,言语产生的脑区表现出左侧化趋势。     

双语经验影响言语产生过程中通达能力的研究综述

本文介绍了双语经验对言语产生过程中通达能力的影响,言语产生是指个体通过口头言语表达想法、感受,而通达过程是言语产生的关键过程。基于语言系统的层次性,本文从亚词汇、词汇、短语和句子四个语言水平归纳了双语经验对通达能力造成消极影响的证据。基于此,从跨语言干扰、语言使用频率和词汇量三个角度梳理了相关解释。未来研究需要关注双语经验对言语加工中不同方面的影响,不同双语经验对通达能力的影响,并整合相关解释。     

音节在语言产生中的作用

综述了音节在语言产生中的作用。首先简单介绍了音节的概念;然后介绍了两类语言产生理论关于音节存储和音节如何起作用的不同观点;第三,从实验研究的主要范式和主要问题两个方面分析了目前在语言产生领域对音节的研究成果及存在的问题。主要的研究范式有：掩蔽启动范式、重复启动范式、内隐启动范式和图画－词汇干扰实验范式。研究的主要问题有：音节是否是言语产生中的功能单位,音节在言语产生中是如何起作用的,以及音节启动效应的发生位置。最后根据汉语音节的特点,分析了汉语词汇产生中对音节的研究以及今后的研究趋势     

双语言语产生中的词汇提取机制

文章主要介绍了双语言语产生中词汇提取机制的两种理论：非特定语言提取的理论和特定语言提取的理论。重点围绕着双语言语产生中词汇提取的一个关键问题,即非目标语言的词汇是否对目标语言的词汇提取形成竞争或者干扰详细地论述了二者的理论分歧,非特定语言提取的理论认为非目标语言的词汇会对目标语言的词汇提取形成竞争,而特定语言提取的理论认为不会形成竞争。文章最后介绍了双语言语产生中词汇提取机制的最新研究趋势,表明了非特定语言提取的理论和特定语言提取的理论逐步走向融和     

口语词语产生理论与语法特征通达研究的发展

近年来,研究者对口语词汇产生过程的各个层次展开了深入的探讨,各种理论与模型争论的焦点主要集中在各阶段间的关系、表征被选择的方式和词汇化的时间进程等方面,其中关于语法特征的通达一直是人们最为关注的问题之一。文章回顾了该领域内从研究初期至今较有代表性的一些理论、模型和有关语法特征通达的研究进展。希望能对有关汉语字词产生基本问题的研究有所推动。     

双语经验降低言语产生过程中通达能力的研究综述

言语产生是指个体通过口头言语表达想法、感受,而通达过程是言语产生的关键过程。本文以言语产生的不同语言水平为线索,综合分析双语经验对言语产生过程中通达能力的影响,结果发现双语经验降低了言语产生中的通达效率。在此基础上,从跨语言干扰、语言使用频率和词汇量三个角度归纳双语通达劣势的原因。未来的研究应该考察双语经验对言语加工中不同方面的影响,并且对相关解释进行整合。     

言语产生和理解中汉语个体量词的通达

个体量词是汉语的特色词类,是名词的限定词。关于个体量词的通达,目前主要有两种假说：直接选择假说和间接选择假说。实验1和实验2采用图词干扰范式考察了名词短语和简单名词产生中个体量词的通达。实验3采用启动范式考察了言语理解中个体量词的通达。结果表明,无论是在言语产生中,还是在言语理解中,都存在量词一致性效应：当启动词和目标词量词一致时反应时短,错误率亦低。整个研究表明,个体量词的通达涉及个体名词系统和个体量词系统,涉及双向选择的组合网络。个体量词的通达是直接选择和间接选择的有机结合。个体量词在名词短语产生的早期就得到了通达。     

汉语言语产生中的词长效应

采用启动条件下的词汇命名和图片命名范式, 探讨在汉语言语产生中词长效应的产生机制, 考察概念激活、词条提取和语音编码对词长效应的影响。实验1和实验2表明, 词条提取过程并不影响在词汇命名中的词长效应, 支持多词素词整词通达表征的理论。实验3显示, 概念激活和语音编码共同影响在图片命名中的词长效应, 被试对长词的命名时间显著地长于对短词的命名时间, 对下属水平概念的词汇提取显著地慢于对基本水平概念的词汇提取。研究结果支持多词素词语音编码的序列性和基本水平类别优先习得的观点。     

言语与手部运动关系的研究回顾

言语与手部运动之间存在复杂的联系。该文总结了两类手部运动（伴随言语发生的手势运动和抓握运动）与言语之间关系的行为和脑科学研究成果。发现：（1）伴随言语产生的意义手势可促进言语加工,特别是词汇的提取过程;（2）观察手的抓握运动影响言语产生时唇的运动和声音成分;（3）对词语的知觉影响抓握运动的早期计划阶段;（4）言语产生可增加手运动皮层的兴奋性。作者由此认为,言语加工与手势间的联系不仅表现为神经通路的重叠和相互激活,而且可能在外显行为上也相互影响     

The sociocultural movement in psychology,the role of theories in sociocultural inquiries,and the theory of sociocultural models

This special issue presents the theory of sociocultural models (TSCM) and its applications in diverse areas of psychology, including education, health care, clinical practice, gender relations, and general research. As many theories already exist in the social sciences, some readers may ask: “Why do cross‐cultural, cultural, and indigenous psychologists need another theory?” This question is comprised of two aspects: culture/cultural and theory/theoretical. Therefore, to answer it, it is important to clarify both issues. The first relates to cultural and its relation to psychological. The second, theory, considers its relation to cultural and psychological. These issues have long‐range implications for all culture and psychology disciplines as they pose many questions: What role does culture play in the mental functioning of people? How is culture constituted? Is cultural related to social? Does people’s mental functioning exert reciprocal influences on their cultural and social functioning? While working toward answering these questions, researchers quickly determine that more questions arise: What role should theories play in answering these questions? What constitutes theory in culture and psychology disciplines? How should such a theory (or such theories) address the triad of cultural, social, and mental? Consequently, in an effort to provide an overview of the TSCM and to begin to answer these questions, this introduction consists of two parts. The first part addresses the sociocultural turn in modern psychology; this part discusses its implications for research in culture and psychology disciplines. The second segment examines the topic of the theoretical backgrounds of cultural and cross‐cultural research and connects the philosophical paradigms of interpretivism and realism with the theory of sociocultural models. This introduction concludes with a brief overview of the articles included in this issue.     

Understanding and appreciating metaphors

We consider three theories that have dominated discussions of metaphor. One view is that metaphors make comparisons, the basis for the comparison being the features (or categories) that the terms of the metaphor share. The second view is that metaphors involve an anomaly. The third view is that metaphors are ‘interactive’, producing a new way of seeing the terms. We propose a new theory—the domains-interaction view—that draws on elements of all three earlier views, but borrows especially from the interaction view. We consider the implications of our theory for three questions: What are metaphors? How are they understood? What makes a good metaphor? We argue that metaphors correlate two systems of concepts from different domains. The best metaphors involve two diverse domains (more distance between domains making for better metaphors) and close correspondence between the terms within those domains. We call the degree of correspondence within-domain similarity. Metaphors are interpreted in several stages: the terms of the metaphor are encoded; the domains involved are inferred; the structures to be seen as parallel are found; the correspondences between these structures are ‘mapped’ or constructed; the terms of the metaphor are compared. If the terms are not seen to match or occupy analogous roles in their different domains, then the metaphor may be reinterpreted. The evidence on all this is tentative but supports our view. We review two studies (Tourangeau and Sternberg, 1981) that support the hypothesis that distance within domain relates negatively to aptness, whereas distance between domains relates positively. Several studies on comprehension tend to disconfirm the comparison theory's notion that the tenor and vehicle necessarily share features. Tenor and vehicle also appear to have asymmetrical roles in the interpretive process.     

婴幼儿词语习得中的社会性认知加工过程

有关婴幼儿词语习得的研究主要有三种理论假设:联想学习理论、制约限制理论和社会语用理论.本文将从以下四个方面着重介绍社会语用理论的相关研究:婴幼儿词语习得过程涉及哪些社会性认知加工过程,社会语用理论如何应对来自前两种理论的质疑和挑战,社会性认知加工过程的相对权重如何以及自闲症儿童词语习得存在怎样的社会性认知加工障碍.相关研究结果表明社会性认知加工过程在婴幼儿词语习得中具有基础性作用.最后对今后在该领域的研究中需要进一步深入探讨的问题提出了一些思考.     

The deception faucet: A metaphor to conceptualize deception and its detection

Why are there few reliable deception cues and why is deception detection a challenge? These questions are related and have puzzled social scientists, leading to few universal truths about the relationship between deception and communication behavior. This article reviews existing theories to suggest how deceptive discourse production actually occurs, which can lead to a better understanding of deception production and detection processes. Crucial components of a deception — lie-truth base-rates, deception expectations, and goals — are largely overlooked in most theories and primary studies, but are integrated in this paper through a deception faucet metaphor. The metaphor describes deceptive discourse production as violations of conversational maxims (Quantity, Quality, Manner, Relation) and reflected by characteristics that change across deceptions. Considerations for theory and application are suggested.     

Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior

In view of the increased interest in a developmental approach to psychopathology, and mounting evidence of the importance of parent-child interactions in the etiology of early antisocial behavior, the following questions were posed for this review. What theories of parent-child relationships and family management techniques are available? How developmental are they, how specific and transactional are they relative to parent and child behaviors involved? And how well do they cover the period in which antisocial behavior develops? Six theories have some developmental features but the attachment theories (by L. A. Sroufe, B. Egeland, and M. T. Greenberg) and two social learning theories (by G. R. Patterson and J. Martin) are most clearly developmental. They postulate reciprocal interactions of parent and child, and transformations in the form of normative changes in the child or changes in family processes. The social learning theories of Patterson and Martin are most specific, microanalytic in fact, as to the interaction processes involved, and the attachment theories at least specify kinds of behavior involved and also do not rely on traits or types of influence as their units of analysis. Conceptualization is most weak and overly general between late infancy and the preschool years. This gap makes it difficult to link attachment and social learning theories, both of which have driven a large number of studies. A bridging theory is offered to link the two sets of theories in the critical period involved.     

Explaining errors in children's questions

The ability to explain the occurrence of errors in children's speech is an essential component of successful theories of language acquisition. The present study tested some generativist and constructivist predictions about error on the questions produced by ten English-learning children between 2 and 5 years of age. The analyses demonstrated that, as predicted by some generativist theories [e.g. Santelmann, L., Berk, S., Austin, J., Somashekar, S. & Lust. B. (2002). Continuity and development in the acquisition of inversion in yes/no questions: dissociating movement and inflection, Journal of Child Language, 29, 813-842], questions with auxiliary DO attracted higher error rates than those with modal auxiliaries. However, in wh-questions, questions with modals and DO attracted equally high error rates, and these findings could not be explained in terms of problems forming questions with why or negated auxiliaries. It was concluded that the data might be better explained in terms of a constructivist account that suggests that entrenched item-based constructions may be protected from error in children's speech, and that errors occur when children resort to other operations to produce questions [e.g. Dabrowska, E. (2000). From formula to schema: the acquisition of English questions. Cognitive Liguistics, 11, 83-102; Rowland, C. F. & Pine, J. M. (2000). Subject-auxiliary inversion errors and wh-question acquisition: What children do know? Journal of Child Language, 27, 157-181; Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press]. However, further work on constructivist theory development is required to allow researchers to make predictions about the nature of these operations.