Behavior modification and human rights: A legacy of Edward Stanton Sulzer, 1930-1970

Edward Stanton Sulzer was born in New York City on June 4, 1930. He attended school in Laureltown, N.Y., until the age of 15, when, after two years of high school, he was admitted into the University of Chicago. Leaving prematurely due to his mother's death, he returned to New York to work in film production. Sulzer completed his undergraduate work at the City College of New York, studying film production and psychology. In 1953 he entered the doctoral program in clinical psychology at Teachers College, Columbia. Spending two years in the Army during his graduate training, his work was completed in 1958. He then joined the faculty of the Upstate Medical School of the State University of New York, Department of Psychiatry, moving on two years later to the Psychiatry Department at the University of Minnesota. In 1965 Sulzer moved to assume the directorship of the Behavior Modification Program, in the Rehabilitation Institute at Southern Illinois University, where he remained until his death on February 28, 1970.In observance of the 10th anniversary of the death of Edward Stanton Sulzer, these reminiscences are presented. They describe how an individual psychologist could affect the professional and personal lives of many. Edward Sulzer is described in terms of the environment that shaped his values, how they affected the actions of his students and clients, and how they are reflected in current social policy. The account leads to a conclusion that the actions of single individuals may influence the course of human events.     

Edward Aloysius Pace

Summary Edward Aloysius Pace, pioneer of experimental psychology among American Catholics, was the first American Catholic and the first Catholic priest to study with Wilhelm Wundt. Upon his return from Leipzig, where he received his PhD in 1891, he established a psychological laboratory and department of psychology at the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. This department became the model for most of the early departments of psychology at Catholic colleges and universities as well as the training center of many teachers who staffed the new departments at these Catholic colleges and universities. From Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, the experimental psychology of Wundt radiated to Catholic circles throughout the United States.The best account of Pace's life is to be found in Hart C (ed), Aspects of the New Scholastic Philosophy (New York: Benziger 1932, pp 1–9); a series of philosophical essays dedicated to Pace by the American Philosophical Association on the occasion of his seventieth birthday     

Remembering Nat Schoenfeld

William Nathan Schoenfeld was born in New York City on December 6, 1915, and died in Sun City West, Arizona, on August 3, 1996. He was an undergraduate at the College of the City of New York, where he received a BS degree in 1937. He received his PhD from Columbia University in 1942 and then continued there as a faculty member, advancing from lecturer to full professor. In 1966 he moved to Queens College of the City University of New York, where he remained until his retirement in 1983. During his years at Queens, he also took on visiting appointments in Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela. In retirement, he spent roughly a decade in Israel, where he occasionally taught as a visiting professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He returned to the United States for his final years. He is survived by his wife, Melanie, their three children, Rivka, Joshua and Naomi, and a son, Mark, from a previous marriage.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: How to Get Profitable Ideas: For Creative Problem Solving. by John D. Yeck, New York: McGrazo-Hill, 1965 Industrial Creativity — the psychology of the inventor, by Joseph Rossman, New Hyde Park, New York: University Books, 1964 Put Your Mother on the Ceiling. by Richard deMille, New York: Walker & Company, 1967 Teaching for Creative Endeavor. edited by William B. Michael, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1968 Creative Living for Today. by Maxwell Maltz, M.D., New York: Trident Press, 1967 Creative Power: The Education of Youth in the Creative Arts. by Hughes Mearns (Second Revised Edition), New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1958, Reprinted 1968 Creative Teaching in the Elementary School. by Abraham Shumsky, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1965 Language and Thought. by John B. Carroll, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964 The Logic of Scientific Discovery. by Karl R. Popper, New York: Basic Books, 1959     

Forgiveness,Cognitive Restructuring and Object Transformation

Forgiveness is described as a process that includes (1) re-constructing cognitions about the offender and self and (2) re-imaging the offender and re-experiencing self and violator. Object relations theory can help to show that the violated individual’s conflict is within as the person struggles inwardly with hostile images (object-representations) during the process of forgiveness. Cognitive restructuring points to the crucial importance of choice to help initiate the forgiveness process. Within the context of forgiveness as a therapeutic process, cognitive restructuring and object transformation can promote the client’s psychological health and well-being. It is proposed that forgiveness is a spiritual as well as a psychological process, which includes grace-filled choices and behavior. Patrick F. Cioni's academic background includes a Master’s of Arts in Psychology with a major in Personality from New School University, New York, N.Y. Previously, he obtained a Master of Science in Counseling from the University of Scranton, Scranton, PA. He began private practice of counseling and psychotherapy in September 1983 following work in the psychology department of a maximum security mental hospital as psychotherapist and treatment team coordinator. Present practice includes individual and marital therapy. He developed a treatment program for use with married couples in conjunction with the Prepare/Enrich inventory. The author wishes to thank Cheryl L. Sancafon, M.D., who encouraged his interest in object relations, Jared P. Pingleton, Psy.D., John C. Norcross, Ph.D., other reviewers and, most essentially, the Spirit of God. Correspondence to Patrick F. Cioni, Private Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 138 South Cameron Avenue, Scranton, PA, 18504, USA; e-mail: patrickcioni@netzero.net     

Philip G. Zimbardo on his career and the Stanford Prison Experiment's 40th anniversary. Interview by Scott Drury, Scott A. Hutchens, Duane E. Shuttlesworth, and Carole L. White

We interviewed Philip G. Zimbardo on April 19, 2011, in anticipation of the 40th anniversary of the Stanford Prison Experiment in August 2011. While Zimbardo's name is mentioned often in tandem with the experiment, he has distinguished himself in many other areas within psychology before and after the experiment, beginning with an accomplished early career at New York University in which he took interest in social psychology research on deindividuation. We discussed the Stanford Prison Experiment in the greater context of his varied and illustrious career, including recent pioneering work on heroism, the establishment of The Shyness Clinic at Stanford University, and the iconic Discovering Psychology series. We also addressed his adroit and candid approach to the experiment itself over the years.     

Howard h. Kendler (1919-2011)

Presents an obituary for Howard H. Kendler. Kendler was born in New York City on June 9, 1919, and died in Santa Barbara, California, on February 17, 2011. Kendler majored in psychology at Brooklyn College, where he was an assistant to Abraham Maslow, the father of humanistic psychology, and did a research project on the psychology of thinking under the supervision of Solomon Asch, a leading Gestalt psychologist. Howard Kendler's career was characterized by insightful experiments and a consistent analysis of the fundamental issues of the nature of our science, its methods, and its role in the community. The breadth of his knowledge and the depth of his thinking on these issues are rare. Although he did not settle these issues, he brought them into clear focus and forcefully advocated for his point of view. He was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and Tel-Aviv University and was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He held the offices of president of the Western Psychological Association, chairman of the Board of Governors of the Psychonomic Society, and president of the Division of General Psychology and the Division of Experimental Psychology of the American Psychological Association. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)

Presents an obituary for Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005). Before Urie Bronfenbrenner, child psychologists studied the child, sociologists the family, anthropologists the society, economists the economic framework, and political scientists the structure. As the result of Urie's extension of the concept of the ecology of human development, these environments--from the family to economic and political structures--are viewed as part of the life course, embracing both childhood and adulthood. Bronfenbrenner, widely regarded as one of the world's leading scholars in developmental psychology, child rearing, and human ecology--the interdisciplinary domain he helped popularize--died at his home in Ithaca, New York, on September 25, 2005, at the age of 88. He was the Jacob Gould Sherman Professor Emeritus of Human Development and of Psychology at Cornell University, where he spent most of his professional career. A brief biography of Bronfenbrenner is followed by an overview of his published work, his theories and other influential accomplishments.     

Cognitive-behavior therapy with children: Developmental reconsiderations

The present paper reconsiders the role of developmental theory in the use of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) with children. The implication of Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Selman's social perspectivetaking theory are reviewed briefly in regard to CBT. It is argued that the assessment of both logical/analytical thought structures and social perspective-taking abilities may be useful in planning a course of CBT with children.Andrew Kinney, Ph.D., is an Associate Fellow at the Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy, New York City. He is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Mohawk Valley Community College, Utica, NY, and an Adjunct Lecturer of psychology at the State University of New York Institute of Technology at Utica/Rome, NY.     

Techniques for handling resistances in group psychotherapy with severely disturbed patients

There has been an increased interest in recent years in the treatment of those with severe psychopathology through application of object relations theory and modern ego psychology. Yet, for the past 20 years, such patients have been treated in day hospitals where rehabilitation and socialization concepts have been employed. This paper integrates some of the advances in psychoanalytic theory with more established methods of milieu therapy. In the patients studied, the therapists noted the presence of severe envy, dependency, passivity and with-holding, an intolerance for aggression along with an intransigent, paranoid-schizoid position. The techniques described here worked through the effects of these resistances so that the patients could use the psychotherapy group, and the entire milieu, more constructively than they did before.Ruthe Feilbert-Willis, C.S.W. was formerly Senior Social Worker in the Adolescent and Adult Day Hospital at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, in White Plains, New York.He was a psychiatric resident at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, in White Plains, New York, during the time the clinical work of this paper was undertaken.     

The Past,Present, and Future of Student Affairs: A Professional Profile of Theodore K. Miller

Theodore K. Miller began his career in 1957 as the counselor for men at the University of Florida and then worked as a counseling psychologist at the State University of New York at Buffalo starting in 1962. He left there 5 years later to start a student personnel program at The University of Georgia. During his 30 years at Georgia, Miller established a nationally recognized graduate professional preparation program and became one of the most prominent figures in the field of college student development. This profile focuses on the professional influences in his life and on his role in developing quality assurance measures for counseling and human development programs and for student affairs functional areas.     

The Anatomy of Revolutionists

A questionnaire containing 62 items relating to the New Left and 28 items measuring anomia, authoritarianism, and Machiavellianism was given to 153 entering freshmen at Columbia in the fall of 1968. The five factors emerging from a factor analysis of responses to the items were labeled: New Left Philosophy, Revolutionary Tactics, Machiavellian Tactics, Machiavellian Cynicism, and Traditional Moralism. Students who had been politically active prior to coming to college scored higher than the rest of the group on New Left Philosophy, Revolutionary Tactics, and Machiavellian Cynicism, but scored lower on Machiavellian'Tactics and Traditional Moralism. In the spring of 1969, a revised set of items was given to students in introductory psychology classes at Columbia University and New York University. While the findings from these subjects replicated those found with the Columbia freshmen, they showed subtle differences which led to speculations about the radicalization process. Also discussed are the relationships between the nature of political participation and all of the factors, with special emphasis on the discrepancy between Machiavellian Tactics and Cynicism.     

Book Reviews

Book review in this article. Schein , Edgar H., and Bennis , Warren G. Personal and Organizational Change through Group Methods: The Laboratory Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965. Pp. x + 376. $8.25 Bennis , Warren G. Changing Organizations: Essays on the Development and Evolution of Human Organization. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966. Pp. xi + 223. $6.95 Holding , D. H. Principles of Training. New York: Pergamon Press, Inc., 1965. Pp. xvi + 156. 17 s. 6 d. American Management Association . Making the Most of Training Opportunities (Management Bulletin #73). New York: American Management Association, Inc. 1965. Pp. 46. $4.50; $3.00 to AMA Members Towle , Joseph W., Schoen , Sterling H., and Hilgert , Raymond L. Problems and Policies in Personnel Management: A Casebook. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965. Pp. 358. $3.75 (paperbound) Kepner , Charles H., and Tregoe , Benjamin B. The Rational Manager: A Systematic Approach to Problem Solving and Decision Making. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965. Pp. vii + 275. $5.95 Burger , Chester . Survival in the Executive Jungle. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964. Pp. xi + 274. $4.95 Presthus , Robert . Behavioral Approaches to Public Administration. University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1965. Pp. 158. $3.95 Wishart , J. Kenneth . Techniques of Leadership. New York: Vantage Press, Inc., 1965. Pp. 108. $3.00 Hodgson , Richard C., Levinson , Daniel J., and Zaleznik , Abraham . The Executive Role Constellation: An Analysis of Personality and Role Relations in Management. Boston: Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1965. Pp. xxii + 509. $8.00 American Psychiatric Association , Committee on Occupational Psychiatry . The Mentally Ill Employee: His Treatment and Rehabilitation New York: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1965. Pp. x + 110. $2.95 Buros , Oscar Krisbn (Editor). The Sixth Mental Measurements Yearbook. Highland Park, N. J.: The Gryphon Press, 1965. Pp. xxxvi + 1714. $32.50 Barrett , Richard S. Performance Rating. Chicago: Science Research Associates, Inc., 1966. Pp. ix + 166. $4.50     

John B. Watson's alleged sex research: an appraisal of the evidence

In 1974, a story was published about clandestine research done by John B. Watson that was judged to be so reprehensible that it was offered as the real reason he was fired from his faculty position at Johns Hopkins University in 1920, at perhaps the peak of his academic career. Watson's dismissal from Johns Hopkins may have been the most important event in his career, and it almost certainly altered the history of American psychology. Thus, this story has great significance. The claims of the story, however, have never been validated or invalidated. This article examines the evidence for and against the existence of such research and discusses Watson's academic dismissal in light of that evidence.     

Book Reviews

The Psychobiology of gene expression: Neuroscience and neurogenesis in hypnosis and the healing arts. 2002. By Ernest L. Rossi. New York: W.W. NORTON.

Terror, violence and the impulse to destroy. 2003. edited by John Beebe. San

Terror, Violence and the Impulse to Destroy. 2003. Edited by John Beebe. SAN Francisco: Daimon Verlag

Knowledge of the Afterlife. 2003. By Theodor Abt and Erik Hornung. Zurich: living human heritage Publications.

Animal guides in life, myth and dreams: An analyst's notebook. 2002. By Neil Russack. Toronto: Inner city Books.

That man: An insider's portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt. 2003. By Robert H. Jackson. Edited and Introduced by John Q. Barrett. New York: Oxford University Press.     

Book Reviews

Book review in this article.
S chein , E dgar H. Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965. Pp. xi + 114. $3.95, hard cover; $1.50, paperbound.
K ahn , R obert L., et al . Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964. Pp. xii + 470. $7.95
G uion , R obert M. Personnel Testing. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965. Pp. xiii + 585. $9.50
H addon , W illiam , J r ., S uchman , E dward A., and K lein , D avid . Accident Research: Methods and Approaches. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1964. Pp. xvi + 752. $15.00
S ampson , R obert C. Managing the Managers: A Realistic Approach to Applying the Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965. Pp. ix + 272. $7.95
M iner , J ohn B. Studies in Management Education. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1965. Pp. ix + 239.
F erguson , C harles A., F ersing , J an E., et al . The Legacy of Neglect: An Appraisal of the Implications of Emotional Disturbances in the Business Environment. Fort Worth, Texas: Industrial Mental Health Associates, 1965. Pp. xii + 209. $13.50
Z aleznik , A braham , and M oment , D avid . The Dynamics of Interpersonal Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964. Pp ix + 520. $7.95
Z aleznik , A braham , and M oment , D avid . Casebook on Interpersonal Behavior in Organizations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964. Pp xvi + 587. $7.95
T homas , C. A., D avies , I. K., O penshaw , D., and B ird , J. B. Programmed Learning in Perspective: A Guide to Program Writing. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1965. (British printing, 1963) Pp. 183. $7.95
F ox , H arland , and K erpen , M iriam C. Corporate Retirement Policy and Practices. New York: National Industrial Conference Board, 1964. Pp. 90. $15.00; $3.00 to NICB Associates and government agencies; $1.00 to students and teachers, mailed only to school address.     

Dire straits: the divisive legacy of the 1898 Cambridge anthropological expedition.

Bartlett's claim that the Cambridge anthropological expedition of 1898 to the Torres Strait "put a social and ethnological stamp upon Cambridge psychology" does not bear close examination. Rivers pursued his interests in both anthropology and psychology but came to regard them as largely independent pursuits. Myers, through the influence of Rivers, came to identify himself primarily as a psychologist. McDougall was very quickly marginalized. There were two occasions when the promise of the Torres Strait began to be fulfilled: first, the reunion of Rivers, Myers, McDougall, and Seligman, all medically trained, at Maghull Hospital to help in the treatment of shell-shocked soldiers; second, Bartlett's attempt, early in his career, to establish a sociocultural psychology. However, the remarkable "academy" at Maghull was disbanded at the end of the war, and Bartlett, in his attempt to promote the "upstart subject" of psychology at Cambridge, increasingly came to distance his department from social and ethnological concerns. There is a neglected legacy of the Torres Strait expedition, the curious belief that the methods of experimental psychology, and indeed psychophysics, could (somehow) be foundational to the human sciences. This legacy has served both to suggest that psychology must have something to do with anthropology, while perpetually deferring any actual integration between the two disciplines.     

Shaping of scientific psychology in Japan

Japanese scientific psychology began with Y. Motora's lecture on pyschophysics at the University of Tokyo in 1888. He had just received his PhD under G.S. Hall at Johns Hopkins University, in the USA. He became the first professor of psychology in 1890 and founded the first psychological laboratory at the University of Tokyo in 1903. He studied many psychological problems, including attention, experimentally and theoretically. One of his first students, Matataro Matsumoto, founded the second psychological laboratory at Kyoto University and then succeeded to Motora's position in Tokyo. Matsumoto was interested in experimental studies of human performance and their applications. He trained many able psychologists and organized the Japanese Psychological Association in 1927. Some of his students founded more psychological laboratories in major universities of Japan. They introduced psychological tests, Gestalt psychology, and behaviourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Psychoanalysis was introduced through mainly nonacademic roots and became familiar to Japanese psychologists in the 1930s. After World War II, a strong influence of American psychology came to Japanese psychologists who had already trained in scientific methodology. The areas of research and applications have been greatly widened and the number of psychologists has increased rapidly up to the present day. Promotion of international interactions and indigenous traditions are both expected.     

Book Review

Animus and Anima. 2002. By Marie-Louise von Franz (Edited by Daryl Sharp). Toronto: Inner City Books.

Recollections of My Life as a Woman: The New York Years. 2001. By Diane di Prima. New York: Viking.

Archetype Revisited: An Updated Natural History of the Self. 2003. By Anthony Stevens. Toronto: Inner City Books.

Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and The Trials Of Homecoming. 2002. By Jonathan Shay. Foreword by Senators John McCain and Max Cleland. New York: Scribner.

The Practice of Dream Healing: Bringing Ancient Greek Mysteries into Modern Medicine. 2001. By Edward Tick. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books.