自闭症幼儿的视觉性自我认知实验研究

通过对平均心理年龄为23个月的6名自闭症幼儿的实验研究．甄别他们是否能从视觉上进行自我与他人的分化认知并进一步探索自闭症幼儿对镜像自我认知与录像自我认知上的差异;以秒为单位．对实验结果和过程进行了编码分析。结果表明：这6名幼儿在看自己的录像时,比看同伴的表现出更多的关注和喜悦;对录像的自我进行认知寸表现出更大的关注和积极情绪。由此推断他们已具有初步的自我认知。     

3～5岁幼儿表情认知的发展研究

研究通过\"命名复制\"、\"选择建构\"和\"自由绘画\"三种任务,考察了\"嘴\"\"眼\"\"眉\"等情绪标签在幼儿情绪识别中的优势效应。结果表明:(1)幼儿识别高兴、悲伤和愤怒要早于惊讶,识别高兴的成绩最好,3～4岁是识别悲伤和惊讶的快速发展期;(2)幼儿识别情绪过程中并未出现典型的\"嘴部优势\"效应,不同情绪具有不同的代表性的情绪标签,识别高兴和惊讶时嘴部是优势区域,而识别悲伤和愤怒时眼睛和眉毛是优势区域;(3)不同顺序的任务差异显著,先前的情绪命名和复制、建构等任务会显著提高儿童的自由绘画成绩。     

自闭症幼儿自主性共同注意的实验研究

为探索和发现自闭症幼儿的自主性共同注意的特征,以6名自闭症幼儿,以及在心理年龄与之匹配的弱智和正常儿童各6名作为研究对象,以实验和准实验的方法,进行此研究。同时还以秒为单位对实验过程与结果进行编码分析。结果表明,自闭症幼儿的自主性视觉方向所及目标物多于人,而人的目标中叉更多地锁定同伴而非教师。自闭症幼儿在唤起他人共同注意时多以“拉”和“抱”来替代指点行为。自主性共同注意的发生率与情绪有密切关系。     

自闭症儿童依恋及其与功能领域关系的研究

以中国大陆16个特殊儿童康复机构的278名自闭症儿童作为研究对象,通过问卷法探讨自闭症儿童的依恋及其与功能领域的关系。结果发现:(1)自闭症儿童依恋总体水平偏低;(2)自闭症儿童依恋与各个功能领域的发展有着极为紧密的联系;(3)影响自闭症儿童总体依恋发展水平的因素是儿童自身的障碍程度,具体取决于交往、认知、感觉、生活自理等功能领域的发展情况。     

听力障碍幼儿情绪理解的干预研究

根据听障幼儿情绪理解发展特点,编制了情绪理解干预课程,并进行为期12周的干预训练。研究结果表明：干预训练显著提高了听障幼儿的外部情绪理解水平和内部情绪状态理解水平;不同性别听障幼儿在情绪理解干预课程中的表现有所不同,女生在信念理解、道德情绪理解和情绪原因理解中的干预效果均显著优于男生。本研究所编制的干预课程对于促进听障幼儿情绪理解发展的效果良好。     

小学儿童情绪认知发展研究

本研究采用故事情境法探究小学儿童情绪认知的发展。随机抽取60名小学儿童（2、4、6年级各20名）,研究他们对五种不同的情绪状态识别、情绪原因认知、情绪外在行为表现认知以及对情绪后继调节方式的认知发展特点。结果发现：总体而言,情绪认知在小学不同年级有明显发展;基本情绪认知最好,其次是积极自我意识情绪认知和冲突情绪认知,对消极自我意识情绪的认知最差;情绪识别和情绪原因认知明显好于情绪行为认知和情绪调节认知;对情绪表现者的情绪认知明显好于对情绪接受者的情绪认知。     

Children Expressing Mixed Emotion in a Nonsocial Context

Abstract

Efforts to demonstrate children’s ability to report experiencing mixed emotions have typically used an allocentric approach, asking children to report on emotions of other individuals in response to stories or movie clips demonstrating social themes. In contrast, literature examining children’s personal experiencing and understanding of their own mixed emotions, typified as an egocentric approach, in nonsocial situations remains underdeveloped. The current study examined the development of children’s reported understanding and experience of mixed emotions egocentrically. By examining a nonsocial context, this investigation extends existing gender- and age-related research on expressing egocentric mixed emotion. Using a computerized game with a disappointing wins paradigm, egocentric mixed emotional experience was elicited in 142 children (80 boys, 62 girls) aged 6 to 12?years. Results revealed that age, but not gender, was a statistically significant predictor of expressing egocentric mixed emotion experience and understanding. When studying mixed emotion development in a nonsocial context, gender did not contribute to differences in child reports. A significant positive relationship between egocentric mixed emotion experiencing and understanding also emerged. These findings contribute to our understanding of children’s emotion development and offer future directions for examining the broad domain of nonsocial contexts in youth expression of mixed emotions.     

情绪与认知关系研究发展概况

情绪与认知的关系长期存在着谁主谁从和谁为首因的争议,近期感情神经科学对两者的关系取得了突破性进展。通过从古希腊哲学思想入手分析和介绍中世纪、近现代各个历史时期学者们的不同观点,从而使我们了解情绪与认知从主-从关系、彼此独立的关系、相互作用的关系到互倚关系的艰难认识历程。     

Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion by Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Interpreting and responding appropriately to facial expressions of emotion are important aspects of social skills. Some children, adolescents, and adults with various psychological and psychiatric disorders recognize facial expressions less proficiently than their peers in the general population. We wished to determine if such deficits existed in a group of 133 children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). The subjects were receiving in-patient psychiatric services for at least one of substance-related disorders, adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders or disruptive behavior disorders. After being read stories describing various emotional reactions, all subjects were tested for their ability to recognize the 6 basic facial expressions of emotion depicted in Ekman and Friesen's (1976) normed photographs. Overall, they performed well on this task at levels comparable to those occurring in the general population. Accuracy increased with age, irrespective of gender, ethnicity, or clinical diagnosis. After adjusting for age effects, the subjects diagnosed with either adjustment disorders, mood disorders, or disruptive behavior disorders were significantly more accurate at identifying anger than those without those diagnoses. In addition, subjects with mood disorders identified sadness significantly more accurately than those without this diagnosis, although the effect was greatest with younger children.     

儿童朴素情绪理论发展的近期研究综述

儿童的朴素情绪理论是其心理理论的一个重要部分,是当前具有国际前沿性的研究课题。该文阐述了朴素情绪理论的基本含义及其与心理理论之间的关系,综述了关于儿童朴素情绪理论发展的近期研究,揭示出儿童从基于愿望的情绪理解过渡到基于信念的情绪理解的发展趋势以及信念理解中的滞后效应,并探讨了影响儿童朴素情绪理论获得和发展的因素。     

听障儿童外部情绪理解研究

通过自编的外部情绪理解问卷,考察了听障儿童表情识别、情绪情景识别和提示物理解等外部情绪理解三个成分的发展状况。结果表明:(1)听力障碍儿童在外部情绪整体理解、表情识别、情绪情景识别和提示物理解四方面的得分都显著低于普通儿童;(2)不同年级听力障碍儿童的外部情绪理解、表情识别、情绪情景识别和提示物理解四方面得分存在显著差异,不同性别听力障碍儿童外部情绪理解差异不显著;年级和性别的交互作用显著;(3)父母听力状况不同的听障儿童,其外部情绪理解水平差异显著。DD儿童的外部情绪整体理解、表情识别和情绪情景识别得分显著高于DH儿童。     

幼儿合作认知发展特点的研究

采用访谈法对136名中、大班幼儿合作认知的发展特点进行了研究。结果表明：儿童的合作认知主要分为五级水平。在幼儿阶段,儿童主要以客观条件性认知和结果性认知为主．其中客观条件性认知比例最高,共同利益性和价值现性认知逐渐发展,规则权威性认知仍有一定存在;从中班到大班,幼儿客观条件性认知比例逐渐减少,结果性、共同利益性和价值现性认知逐渐增多;幼儿合作认知发展不存在显著的性别差异;在不同情境下,幼儿合作认知的发展水平不同。