多巴胺与帕金森病早期研究——生物医学研究领域的一个生动案例

多巴胺作为一种重要神经递质,其研究历史与帕金森病发展史紧密相随。早期的多巴胺功能研究直接推动了帕金森病发病神经生化机制的阐明,并带来帕金森病治疗上的重大突破——多巴胺替代治疗。这段研究历史曲折、丰富,堪称生物医学研究领域中的生动案例。对这段历史作一回顾并就其对生物医学研究启示作用略作分析。     

19世纪帕金森病的研究历史

1817年Parkinson首先描述了震颤麻痹,此后的45年中陆续出现了一些相关报道,但并未增加有价值的临床信息。1861年以后,Charcot对此病进行了深入的研究,认识到动作缓慢是本病的核心症状之一,并将其与肌强直鉴别开。他细致地描述了面具脸等症状,认为震颤并非诊断的必要因素,在命名上建议用帕金森病来取代震颤麻痹。     

19世纪帕金森病的研究历史

1817年Parkinson首先描述了震颤麻痹,此后的45年中陆续出现了一些相关报道,但并未增加有价值的临床信息.1861年以后,Chareot对此病进行了深入的研究,认识到动作缓慢是本病的核心症状之一,并将其与肌强直鉴剐开.他细致地描述了面具脸等症状,认为震颤并非诊断的必要因素,在命名上建议用帕金森病来取代震颤麻痹.     

帕金森病神经保护治疗的困境与思考

帕金森病(PD)神经保护策略存在的困惑,是迄今还未找到一种药能确切的保护神经元,推迟发病或延缓疾病的进展。因此,有学者提出“多重靶标治疗神经退行性疾病的多功能药物”的设想。同理,中医复方通过多种有效成分对人体有多环节、多层次、多靶点的整合调节作用,可能对PD神经保护治疗有一定的优势。最后,从现代医学在高度分化的基础上呈现高度综合的发展趋势,对PD的神经保护治疗进行哲学思考并提供方法论。     

帕金森病发病与小胶质细胞老化关系的探讨

帕金森病(PD)是一种中老年常见的神经退行性病变.其发病机制可能与小胶质细胞(MI)的慢性炎症反应有关.老化的M1通过释放炎症介质导致多巴胺(DA)神经元大量死亡,帕金森病临床发病.因此澄清MI老化的原因对于了解PD发病及防治策略具有重要意义.     

NICE帕金森病指南与循证医学的人文精神

循证医学是一种人性化的医学实践方法,最近发布的英国国家临床最优化研究所(NICE)帕金森病(PD)指南,即《帕金森病诊断与管理指南——第二次咨询稿》,充分体现了PD诊疗决策中的人文关怀和循证医学的人文精神。作者从NICE指南的指导思想、医患交流及姑息护理阐述了PD诊治中的人文思想和循证医学对医学人文精神的不断追求。     

NICE帕金森病指南与循证医学的人文精神

循证医学是一种人性化的医学实践方法,最近发布的英国国家临床最优化研究所(NICE)帕金森病(PD)指南,即<帕金森病诊断与管理指南--第二次咨询稿>,充分体现了PD诊疗决策中的人文关怀和循证医学的人文精神.作者从NICE指南的指导思想、医患交流及姑息护理阐述了PD诊治中的人文思想和循证医学对医学人文精神的不断追求.     

台湾基督教研究之内部研究——以基督教历史与神学为主要探讨范例

多年来,台湾基督教学者与教会历史撰述者身处两难之间,存在一些问题.本文拟从台湾基督教内部撰述与研究和台湾宗教学术脉络中的基督教研究两大层面,来处理台湾基督教历史与神学两者间的交互辩证史.     

干预胆碱M受体对药物成瘾的影响及其与多巴胺的关系

药物成瘾是一类精神及行为障碍, 涉及到中枢神经系统的病变。毒蕈碱受体(Muscarinic receptor, M受体)属于胆碱能受体, 分5种亚型。行为学研究表明, 干预M受体能有效影响药物成瘾行为, 但其神经机制还亟待探索。阿片类药物与精神活性药物均能激活中枢多巴胺系统, 而M受体与多巴胺系统在多个脑区产生了交互作用。其中激动M2及M4受体抑制了多巴胺系统功能, 而激动M5受体增强了多巴胺系统功能, 与干预M2、M4、M5受体对药物成瘾行为的影响相对应。以上证据提示, 干预M受体可能通过影响多巴胺系统对药物成瘾起作用。     

出土文献与早期道教

正2016年3月出版/431页/99.00元由中国社会科学出版社出版的中国社会科学院文库·哲学宗教研究系列之一。本书立足于考古新材料,结合有关传世文献,广泛借鉴前人成果,运用缜密的逻辑分析,通过翔实的文献梳理和考证,就某些重要议题加以论述和概括,提出若干新见解,丰富和发展了早期道教史的理论建构,对出土文献研究亦有积极意义。在研究方法上,本书援入多种手法展开跨学科、立体式的综合研究,遵循二重证据法的原则和精神,注重收集出土文献及考古实物,深入发掘材料背后蕴含的丰富信息,并将其与传世文献进行比对和参证,借此     

The Story of Life History: Origins of the Life History Method in Sociology

For some time psychologists have been employing life history methods in their work. Perhaps the key publication in this regard is Erik Erikson 's (1975)book Life History and the Historical Moment. In fact, life history methods were pioneered by anthropologists and taken up with considerable enthusiasm by sociologists. A central location for the pioneering of life history methods by sociologists was the Chicago School in the 1930s.A range of innovative life history studies were generated here as part of the wide-ranging studies of the urban environment undertaken by the sociology school. In this article, we look at some of the possibilities of life history work, but are particularly concerned with analyzing the dilemmas that led to a decline in life history methods. The last section examines the rehabilitation of life history methods and puts forward a number of arguments as to why life history methods are particularly suitable for what Harvey (1989) called the "condition of post-modernity."     

The Early History of Multivariate Techniques in Psychological Research

The origins of multivariate techniques are traced to Galtun, and the circumstances and precedents for Pearson's development of the method of principal components are described. Some early forms of factor extraction are reviewed with emphasis upon the assumptions involved. The different purposes of general psychology and of individual psychology are shown to entail differences in factoring technique. Burt's adoption of the hypothetico-disjunctive method in connection with factor analysis is explained and illustrated. Some fundamental similarities between analysis of variance and correlational analysis are discussed; and arguments are given for the joint application of these and other mathematical procedures now available for handling multivariate problem.     

The Influence of Biomedical Information and Childhood History on Sentencing

A recent trend in court is for defense attorneys to introduce brain scans and other forms of biomedical information (BI) into criminal trials as mitigating evidence. The present study investigates how BI, when considered in combination with a defendant's childhood information (CI), can influence the length of a defendant's sentence. We hypothesized that certain combinations of BI and CI result in shorter sentences because they suggest that the defendant poses less of a threat to society. Participants were asked to read accounts of the trial of a murder suspect and, based on the information therein, recommend a sentence as if they were the judge. The defendant was diagnosed with psychopathy, but biomedical information regarding that diagnosis was included or excluded depending on the BI condition. The defendant was further described as growing up in either a loving or abusive family. The results showed that, if BI was present in the trial account, the defendant from an abusive family was perceived as less of a threat to society and received a shorter recommended sentence than if the defendant had been from a loving family. If BI was absent from the account, the pattern was reversed: the defendant from a loving family was perceived as less of a threat to society and received a shorter recommended sentence than if he had been from an abusive family. Implications for the use of BI and CI in court trials are discussed, as well as their relationship to free will and the function of punishment as retribution and utility. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Single-Joint Movements in Parkinson's Disease: A Pulse-Width and Pulse-Height Theory Review

The process by which the brain controls single-joint movements (SJM) is still not well understood. Some studies have defined rules describing the duration and magnitude of the agonist and antagonist muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze scientific publications about the electromyographic characteristics of SJM performed by patients with Parkinson's disease. A bibliographical review of the years 1989–2015 was performed using keywords such as electromyography, upper limb, and Parkinson's disease. After applying the inclusion criteria, 8 articles were included for analysis. The literature indicates that despite the lack of studies, it is possible to assume that considering the SJM, those with Parkinson's disease only control the magnitude of electromyography activation, being consistent only with the pulse-height theory control.     

Exploring Post-traumatic Growth in Parkinson's Disease: A Mixed Method Study

Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings - Post-traumatic growth (PTG) may favor the psychological adaptation to chronic illnesses. However, few studies investigated PTG in...