控制论的目的论思想与高血压病诊治

20世纪中叶以来,随着控制论的兴起与广泛应用,目的论问题成为生物学哲学以及系统科学哲学的重要议题。运用控制论原理及其目的论思想对高血压病诊治中的有关问题进行了分析和探索,以期对高血压病做到更有效的控制。     

应用控制论方法提高妇科恶性肿瘤的诊治水平

妇科恶性肿瘤的诊治过程是一个不断自行调节的母子系统 ,妇科肿瘤医生可以运用控制论方法 ,通过信息 (尤其是反馈信息 )处理的能动过程 ,使系统保持稳定状态或处于最佳状态 ,从而实现人们对系统规定的功能目标。系统中的疾病表现的症状、体征、医生素质、检查仪器等项看作子系统 ,而他们又由许多要素组成。例如医生初步诊断这一子系统 ,就包括其本人的业务水平、思维方式、医德、心理状态等诸要素。各个子系统或要素之间是相互联系、彼此影响、互相制约、共同作用的 ,任何一个子系统或要素的变化 ,都会影响母系统。如更年期功血和子宫内膜癌…     

马克思与目的论

马克思将历史看作是不断进步的发展过程。这种解释常常招致批评,在批评者看来,马克思和黑格尔一样,把历史描绘成单一的目的论过程,因为马克思认为历史进程将最终达至无阶级的共产主义社会。这一批评是合理的吗?如果马克思的哲学中存在目的论观念,那么这种观念在其中扮演着怎样的角色?马克思本人对此语焉不详。我们通过对阿尔都塞历史无主体观点的批判性讨论发现,马克思主义最好被看成是一种自然主义的目的论,它描绘了人类主体的历史性突现。通过将马克思的历史理论与达尔文的进化论进行比较,我们也可以得出上述结论。     

刑事诉讼目的论梳理与重构

刑事诉讼的目的是刑事诉讼基础理论研究中的基本问题,刑事诉讼目的的选择决定了刑事诉讼的基本价值取向,进而影响诉讼模式的选择和程序构造、具体运行规则的设计方向。在刑事诉讼目的论的研究领域,中外学术界提出了多种观点,存在颇多争议,尤其以我国所谓双重目的论中犯罪控制能否作为刑事诉讼目的之一,争议最大。因此,有必要在梳理已有学说观点的基础上,厘清目的论研究中的关键问题,提出重构的具体思路。     

康德的目的论思维与形而上学

使形而上学走上正确的道路,是康德念念在兹追求的目标,但休谟的怀疑和康德自己的理性批判已使康德无法继续采用建构性的方法,而只能采用范导性的方法.康德借助反思的判断力,在对审美判断力的批判中确立了主观合目的性这个先天原则,通过"类比"作为客观合目的性运用于有机物和整个自然,再通过最终目的和终极目的的概念引导出人的文化和道德...     

从目的论角度分析外国汽车品牌的汉译

品牌,作为企业宣传和推销产品的利器,承栽着独特的商品信息和文化信息,在商业竞争中发挥着巨大的作用。品牌命名的好坏直接影响到消费者选购商品的动机,进而影响企业产品的市场竞争力以及企业的经济效益。因此,各公司意识到品牌在其宣传产品、刺激消费和开拓新市场的过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。根据目的论,决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的。笔者认为,汽车公司创建商标的最终目的是增加产品销量,获得利润。因此,本文在目的论的基础上探讨了外国汽车品牌的翻译方法及其策略,如何在最大程度上激发消费者的购买欲望。     

从控制论的观点来看因果性与目的论的关系

作者将因果联系分为直线式的和反馈式的两种,认为控制论中的反馈作用就是辩证唯物主义意义下的相互作用,它在整个宇宙中是有效的,而直线式的因果联系则是反馈式的因果联系的极限,即具有无限小的反馈作用的因果联系。作者证明,机械论与目的论的片面性在于或者是直线式的因果性或者是超自然的目的因这个错误的非此即彼。作者说明,马克思与恩格斯在黑格尔的基础上,研究了社会生活中的大量反馈系统,克服了机械论与目的论的对立。作者断言,我们迄今的机器主要是直线式因果性的机器,而我们未来的机器则将是反馈作用的机器。     

内在与超越:奥古斯丁的宇宙目的论

奥古斯丁在对《创世记》的解释中,逐步发展出一套基督教的宇宙目的论.受柏拉图《蒂迈欧篇》以及新柏拉图主义的影响,奥古斯丁主张宇宙的秩序根源于上帝对质料的赋形."赋形说"并不意味着奥古斯丁的宇宙论仅仅是"外在主义"的:一方面,奥古斯丁理解的质料并不是完全被动的,而是有着朝向形式的主动潜能;另一方面,奥古斯丁对"种子理式"的...     

Cybernetic Big Five Theory

Cybernetics, the study of goal-directed, adaptive systems, is the best framework for an integrative theory of personality. Cybernetic Big Five Theory attempts to provide a comprehensive, synthetic, and mechanistic explanatory model. Constructs that describe psychological individual differences are divided into personality traits, reflecting variation in the parameters of evolved cybernetic mechanisms, and characteristic adaptations, representing goals, interpretations, and strategies defined in relation to an individual’s particular life circumstances. The theory identifies mechanisms in which variation is responsible for traits in the top three levels of a hierarchical trait taxonomy based on the Big Five and describes the causal dynamics between traits and characteristic adaptations. Lastly, the theory links function and dysfunction in traits and characteristic adaptations to psychopathology and well-being.     

A Cybernetic Theory of Psychopathology

Abstract

Cybernetics, the study of principles governing goal-directed, self-regulating systems, offers a useful approach to understanding psychopathology or psychological dysfunction, overcoming limitations of other naturalistic approaches. Whereas influential theories of psychopathology have relied on definitions of dysfunction rooted in evolution and fitness, we define psychopathology in terms of cybernetic dysfunction, failure to make progress toward important goals. Cybernetic function in organisms is not identical to evolutionary function, despite their causal phylogenetic relationship. We define psychopathology as persistent failure to move toward one’s goals, due to failure to generate effective new goals, interpretations, or strategies when existing ones prove unsuccessful. This definition allows a thorough integration of dimensional approaches to psychopathology and personality and provides a new perspective on the nosology of mental disorder. We review evidence that the major dimensions of psychopathology correspond to major trait dimensions of personality, but we assert that extremity on these dimensions is neither necessary nor sufficient for psychopathology, which requires cybernetic dysfunction. Drawing from psychological and neurobiological research on personality and psychopathology, we present a theory of the mechanisms underlying the five major dimensions of psychopathology, some of their subdimensions, and the general risk factor for psychopathology. We conclude by discussing implications of our theory for research, diagnosis, and mental health interventions.     

A Cybernetic Model of Impression Management Processes in Organizations

Recent theory and research have suggested that a significant portion of human behavior in organizations is motivated by impression management concerns, that is, by the desire to be perceived by others in certain ways. However, the complex interpersonal dynamics of impression management in organizations remain largely unexplored. This paper synthesizes theory and research across several disciplines and literatures to present an integrative, process-oriented model of impression management in organizations. Potential applications and implications of the model for management research and practice are discussed and directions for future research are provided.     

Teleology and Structural Directedness

This paper examines the argument that scientific thinkers who embrace a religious tradition can promote intellectual integration between religion and science rather than fragmented discourse. It is argued that God’s Word as an event and the concept of structural directedness, an organized movement toward a future that does not demand a consciously intended end, may be helpful in understanding God’s actions in an indeterminant way.     

Hobbes on Teleology and Reason

Starting from considering how radical Hobbes' rejection of teleology was, this paper presents a coherent reading of Hobbesian reason, as applied to the justification of political obligation, striking a more perspicuous third way between the ‘orthodox’ (based on self‐interest and consequentialism) and the ‘revisionist’ (moralizing, or variously substantive) readings. Both families of interpretations are partial to some elements of Hobbes' thought, therefore incapable of providing a coherent reading of its whole. A precise rendering of Hobbes' deontological reason allows a better hermeneutical understanding of his philosophy as well as a keener appreciation of its relevance for past and present political thought.