动词隐含因果性和重读对代词加工的影响

采用听觉动窗法和跨通道探测技术,设计3个实验考察了汉语口语句子理解中,动词隐含因果性和重读对代词加工的影响及其时间进程。其中的自变量为动词类型和韵律特征;探测实验中增加探测词类型变量。结果发现：动词隐含因果性影响代词的指认方向;当代词不重读时,动词隐含因果关系在遇到代词后立即影响代词可能先行词的激活水平。代词重读影响“因为”分句的阅读时间,且在代词后立即影响主语型动词语句中代词的加工     

汉语动词的隐含因果性对代词加工的影响

本文用四个实验探讨了汉语句子理解中动词的隐含因果性特征对代词加工的影响。实验采用2×2被试内设计,方法为探测词法。结果表明,有些汉语动词的语义中存在着隐含因果性特征,它影响了主语和宾语的相对通达性。同时发现,汉语中的宾语引发动词的隐含因果性倾向比主语引发动词中更为明显。     

阅读理解中的代词加工:先行词的距离与性别刻板印象的作用

采用眼动技术,本研究探讨了阅读理解中代词的加工机制.读者阅读包含代词的文本,代词的性别与先行词的性别刻板印象一致或违背,同时其和先行词间的距离或远或近,记录被试阅读文本的眼动轨迹.结果发现,与一致条件相比,违背条件的加工时间更长.当代词和先行词间距离较近时,一致性效应在关键代词区的反映早期加工的眼动指标上即出现,而当二者间距离较远时,一致性效应在更后的位置(代词后那一区域)出现,并且只出现在反映晚期加工的眼动指标上.此外,与远距离一致条件相比,近距离一致条件下代词后那一区域的阅读时间更长.上述结果表明,性别刻板印象以及距离在代词加工皆发挥重要作用,而且性别刻板印象产生的影响在时程上因距离的不同而不同.这一结果在一定程度上为语言理解的交互作用理论提供了证据.     

动词隐含因果关系在代词解决中的作用及时间进程

以大学生为被试,通过三个实验来探讨动词隐含因果关系在代词解决中的作用及其时间进程。结果表明,动词隐含因果关系在代词解决中具有重要作用,特别是偏向NP2的动词具有强烈的导向作用,这种作用在代词解决的过程中,并不是在遇到代词后立即产生,而是在整合的过程中生效。     

动词的延续性特征及瞬时时间副词对时间转换事件表征的影响

为考察语篇阅读中,汉语动词的延续性特征以及瞬时时间副词对时间转换事件表征的影响,采用探测-判断的语篇实时阅读技术分别进行了两个实验。实验1的结果表明,当描述转换前事件的动词是延续性动词时,短时转换句与瞬时转换句的阅读时间无显著差异;而当描述转换前事件的动词是短暂性动词时,短时转换句的阅读时间明显长于瞬时转换句的阅读时间。实验2的结果表明,当不在时间转换句前添加瞬时时间副词时,长时与短时转换句前探测词的再认时间存在显著差异;而当在时间转换句前添加瞬时时间副词时,长时与短时转换句前探测词的再认时间无显著差异。两个实验结果分别说明,动词的延续性特征和时间转换短句的结合影响了时间转换事件的表征,在长时转换句的前面添加瞬时时间副词缩短了长时转换事件的表征时间。     

时间空间隐喻在汉语动词语义加工中的作用

通过2个实验,考察时间空间隐喻在汉语动词语义加工中的作用。实验1表明,在动词隐含延续时间判断任务中,当动词隐含延续时间的长度("长–短")与字词呈现的空间长度("宽–窄")不一致时,被试的反应慢,表明语义加工受到了干扰;实验2采取词性判断任务,发现隐含延续时间长的动词的加工时间更长,动词隐含延续时间的长度与字词呈现的空间长度不一致时,被试的加工变慢。整个研究表明,动词的隐含延续时间基于被试的知识经验和水平空间长度来表征,支持弱势的隐喻表征观。     

代词歧义消解中隐含意义的理解

通过两个眼动实验考察了在代词歧义消解中人们如何根据语境并利用语用知识理解隐含意义.实验一以24个语篇为实验材料,采用单因素两水平重复测量设计.结果表明间接方式下关键句阅读时间较长.实验二采用同样的实验设计,结果表明脱离语篇语境的关键句在不同条件下阅读时间相当.实验结果支持隐含意义的理解在句子加工的早期就已开始的联结主义观点.     

汉语言语产生中先行关联词的隐含数倾向对代词选择的影响

使用句子补全任务, 通过3个实验, 考察了汉语言语产生中先行关联词的隐含数倾向对代词选择的影响, 证实在汉语言语产生中也存在着数一致和数吸引现象。实验1和实验2分别考察了汉语双字动词和双字名词的隐含数倾向对代词选择的影响。实验3进一步探查了在汉语言语产生中的数吸引现象。结果发现, 在汉语言语产生中, 不仅存在着“主语-动词数一致”和“名词-代词数一致”, 还存在着对称的数吸引。研究结果部分支持了特征渗透模型和激活框架理论。     

常识性知识和语篇语境对代词指认的影响

本研究围绕中文代词理解中, 读者的常识性知识和语篇语境的作用以及作用时程这一问题展开。实验1首先探讨在中文阅读理解中, 职业性别倾向这种常识性信息是否能对代词的指认产生早期影响。存在一致和冲突(如警卫-他; 警卫-她)两个实验条件, 结果在凝视时间、重读时间和总阅读时间上都发现了职业性别倾向所引发的性别冲突效应。实验2在实验1基础上增加一个代词(如：警卫-他-他; 警卫-她-她), 考察更正后的信息, 即文本语境内容是否可以覆盖常识的作用对代词加工产生影响。结果发现语篇语境确实可以覆盖常识性信息的作用, 对代词加工产生早期影响。但是, 职业性别倾向这种常识性知识仍然在代词加工的后期阶段发挥作用。考虑到代词所形成的语境较为含蓄, 实验3中采用更明确的方式来界定职业名称的性别, 例如男艺人、爸爸等, 然后再出现一个代词, 代词的性别始终和先前的性别描述一致, 而与职业性别倾向冲突, 这样也存在一致和冲突两个条件(例如：保姆-妻子-她, 警卫-妻子-她), 结果发现只有更正后的语境信息对代词加工产生影响, 职业性别倾向不再发挥作用。说明在中文这种高语境依赖性的语言文字中, 语境可以覆盖常识性知识对代词加工产生早期作用。但是, 语境作用的持续性问题会受到语篇语境中性别信息明确程度的影响。     

动词隐含因果关系在代词解决中的时间进程的眼动研究

以初中三年级学生为被试,利用Eye-LinkⅡ型眼动仪,探讨动词隐含因果关系在代词解决中的作用及其时间进程。结果表明,动词隐含因果关系在代词解决中起重要作用,其时间进程是一个延缓加工的过程,结果支持了整合假设。同时还发现被试工作记忆容量的大小对代词解决任务产生一定的影响。     

动词隐含因果语义对汉语高功能自闭症儿童代词加工的影响

个体在利用动词隐含因果语义线索确定代词所指的过程中会结合动词语义特征和语境信息两个方面,已有研究指出自闭症儿童在语言加工过程中无法有效利用语境信息,本研究采用句子理解任务,考察有无语境支持和不同动词类型（主语隐含型和宾语隐含型）四种条件下,汉语高功能自闭症儿童利用动词隐含因果语义信息加工代词的能力。结果显示,（1）汉语高功能自闭症儿童的代词加工表现显著差于典型发展儿童;（2）语境信息可以帮助被试确定代词所指,且对两组被试成绩的提高程度相当。以上结果表明汉语高功能自闭症儿童之所以无法利用动词的隐含因果语义线索确定代词所指的原因可能是他们对该类动词的语义表征存在问题,而非无法利用语境信息。     

动词隐含因果语义对汉语高功能自闭症儿童代词加工的影响

个体在利用动词隐含因果语义线索确定代词所指的过程中会结合动词语义特征和语境信息两个方面,已有研究指出自闭症儿童在语言加工过程中无法有效利用语境信息,本研究采用句子理解任务,考察有无语境支持和不同动词类型（主语隐含型和宾语隐含型）四种条件下,汉语高功能自闭症儿童利用动词隐含因果语义信息加工代词的能力。结果显示,（1）汉语高功能自闭症儿童的代词加工表现显著差于典型发展儿童;（2）语境信息可以帮助被试确定代词所指,且对两组被试成绩的提高程度相当。以上结果表明汉语高功能自闭症儿童之所以无法利用动词的隐含因果语义线索确定代词所指的原因可能是他们对该类动词的语义表征存在问题,而非无法利用语境信息。     

Comprehension of pronouns

An experiment is reported in which subjects had to choose referents for pronouns in sentences such as: John blamed Bill because he spilt the coffee. To examine whether the choice of referent is influenced by features of the main verb or by the events described in the sentence, the relation between the events was altered by changing the conjunction. A significant effect of conjunction was obtained, but only when both antecedents matched the gender of the pronoun. When only one antecedent matched the pronoun, referents were chosen faster. From these results it is argued that readers use general knowledge to select referents for pronouns when gender does not identify a unique referent. A further effect of sentence structure on the time taken to select a referent was interpreted as showing that subjects analysed the sentences clause by clause.     

The Interplay of Implicit Causality,Structural Heuristics,and Anaphor Type in Ambiguous Pronoun Resolution

Two visual-world eye-tracking experiments investigating pronoun resolution in Finnish examined the time course of implicit causality information relative to both grammatical role and order-of-mention information. Experiment 1 showed an effect of implicit causality that appeared at the same time as the first-mention preference. Furthermore, when we counterbalanced the semantic roles of the verbs, we found no effect of grammatical role, suggesting the standard observed subject preference has a large semantic component. Experiment 2 showed that both the personal pronoun hän and the demonstrative tämä preferred the antecedent consistent with the implicit causality bias; tämä was not interpreted as referring to the semantically non-prominent entity. In contrast, structural prominence affected hän and tämä differently: we found a first-mention preference for hän, but a second-mention preference for tämä. The results suggest that semantic implicit causality information has an immediate effect on pronoun resolution and its use is not delayed relative to order-of-mention information. Furthermore, they show that order-of-mention differentially affects different types of anaphoric expressions, but semantic information has the same effect.     

Normative study of the implicit causality of 100 interpersonal verbs in Spanish

This study provides normative data on the implicit causality of interpersonal verbs in Spanish. Two experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1, ratings of the implicit causality of 100 verbs classified into four types (agent-patient, agent-evocator, stimulus-experiencer, and experiencer-stimulus) were examined. An offline task was used in which 105 adults and 163 children had to complete sentences containing one verb. Both age and gender effects in the causal biases were examined. In Experiment 2, reading times for sentences containing 60 verbs were analyzed. An online reading task was used in which 34 adults had to read sentences that were both congruent and incongruent with the implicit causality of the verb. The results support the effect of implicit causality in both adults and children, and they support the taxonomy used.     

Because there was a cause for concern: An investigation into a word-specific prediction account of the implicit-causality effect

In Koornneef and Van Berkum's (2006) eye-tracking study of implicit causality (Caramazza, Grober, Garvey, & Yates, 1977), midsentence delays were observed in the processing of sentences such as “David blamed Linda because she _{(bias-congruent)}/he _{(bias-incongruent)} … ” when the pronoun following because was incongruent with the bias of the implicit-causality verb. The authors suggested that these immediate delays could be attributed to participants predicting a bias-congruent pronoun after because. According to this explanation, any other word placed after because should cause processing delays. The present investigation aimed to test this explanation by using sentences of the form “David blamed Linda because she _{(bias-congruent)}/he _{(bias-incongruent)}/there _{(bias-neutral)} … ”. Since significant immediate delays were observed in sentences containing a bias-incongruent pronoun (relative to a bias-congruent pronoun) but not in sentences containing there, the results of this study support an immediate integration effect but pose a problem to the word-specific prediction account of the implicit causality effect.