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In 1989 the results of a survey on laity attitudes toward the traditional deadly sins and the schedule of virtues formulated by Erik H. Erikson were published in Pastoral Psychology. This study reports the results of a similar survey conducted ten years later. While the results were generally similar to the earlier study, there were some changes in the way respondents ranked the sins and virtues, indicated their personal identification with them, and viewed their gender-relatedness. The major conclusions drawn from comparison of the 1999 with the 1989 surveys is that men have become more conscious of the role of melancholy in their lives, and exhibit somewhat less hopefulness than ten years ago; that both men and women place greater emphasis on the importance of fidelity in their lives; that women are somewhat less oriented to the virtue of care traditionally ascribed to them, whereas men exhibit greater orientation to care; and that women emphasize competence while men emphasize purpose. 相似文献
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In 1992 the results of a survey on clergy attitudes toward the traditional deadly sins and the schedule of virtues formulated by Erik H. Erikson were published in Pastoral Psychology (D. Capps, 1992). This study reports the results of a similar survey conducted a decade later. It also compares the results of this clergy survey with the findings of our laity survey published in 2000 in Pastoral Psychology (D. Capps & A. H. Cole, 2000). Clergy were asked to rank order the sins (from most to least destructive), to identify one sin with which they were personally struggling, and to indicate whether they consider a given sin to be more characteristic of men, of women, or of both genders equally. Similar questions were asked concerning the virtues, but from a positive rather than a negative perspective. While the results were generally similar to the earlier clergy survey, there were some modest changes in the way respondents ranked the sins and virtues, indicated their personal identification with them, and viewed their gender relatedness. While the number of women respondents to the 2002 survey was small, differences in the way that clergymen and clergywomen responded to the survey questions are noted. We particularly note that clergy view anger as a much more deadly sin than do laity, and also the consistent finding that respondents tend to struggle personally with sins they consider among the least destructive.
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Donald CappsEmail: |
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The results of a survey conducted in 1988 on the traditional deadly sins and the schedule of virtues formulated by Erik H.
Erikson were previously reported by Capps (Pastoral Psychology 37:229–253, 1989). The results of a second survey conducted in 1998 were reported by Capps and Cole (Pastoral Psychology 48:359–376, 2000). This article reports on a third survey conducted in 2008–2009. All three surveys employed a research instrument constructed
by Capps titled Life Attitudes Inventory. Major findings of the third survey are that lust and melancholy are considered the deadliest of the deadly sins, with anger
rounding out the top three. Envy is thought to be the least deadly sin. The sins most personally struggled with are pride,
envy, and apathy, with both genders accounting for the high ranking of pride, women for envy, and men for apathy. Men’s and
women’s views whether individual sins are more characteristic of men or of women were also reported, with greed especially
ascribed to men and envy to women. Similarities and differences between young, middle and mature adults’ views on and experiences
of the deadly sins are reported, as are comparisons between the members of two Christian denominations (Presbyterians and
Methodists). 相似文献
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Meta-stereotype refers to individuals' predictions about how their group is viewed by an outgroup rather than their own impressions about the outgroup (i.e. other-stereotype). We posited that, because of their inferential nature, meta-stereotypes can be affected by evaluational aspects, and that being liked or disliked can evoke reciprocal feelings toward the outgroup. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether meta-stereotypes are predictive of implicitly measured attitudes toward an outgroup by focusing on the Japanese meta-stereotype of Koreans. Japanese participants answered questions about their meta- and other-stereotype of Koreans and completed the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess their attitudes toward Koreans relative to their ingroup. The results indicated that meta-stereotypes, particularly those for negative items, were related to the IAT-assessed relative attitudes toward the outgroup, whereas other-stereotypes were not. The indicative aspects of meta-stereotypes with respect to attitudes toward outgroups are discussed. 相似文献
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Duane Larson 《Dialog》2014,53(4):273-276
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This article reports on a retrospective examination of all candidates for ordained ministry in Alabama-West Florida Annual Conference of The United Methodist Church from September 1995 to 1998. The results showed, contrary to expectations, that clergy in this annual conference are significantly more likely than the general population to become physically ill when placed under stress. One of the major stressors identified in this study was the likelihood that the clergy persons will not receive the high levels of affirmation and reinforcement they look for. The author presents some conclusions and suggestions both for action to change the predictions and for further research. 相似文献
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J J Freyd 《Perception & psychophysics》1983,33(6):575-581
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Daniel M. Ogilvie Florette Cohen Sheldon Solomon 《Journal of research in personality》2008,42(3):564-576
Two studies were conducted to examine the hypothesis derived from a juxtaposition of the undesired self and terror management theories that making aspects of the undesired self salient produces effects comparable to those obtained in response to making mortality salient. In Study 1, participants reminded of either death or aspects of their undesired self were more supportive of President George W. Bush and his policies in Iraq, relative to participants in exam salient or desired self salient control conditions. In Study 2, participants reminded of death or aspects of their undesired self showed greater accessibility of implicit death thoughts, relative to participants in pain salient or desired self salient control conditions. Implications of these findings for future theory and research are considered. 相似文献
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The ethical codes of the professional engineering bodies identify the responsibilities of the engineer. Of equal importance
to the codes are the virtues which enable the engineer to fulfil these responsibilities. After briefly reviewing such virtues
this paper argues that the systematic learning of virtues is possible in a formal way through learner centred learning. Central
to this learning experience is the development of integrity which focuses the other major virtues and enables reflection upon
them. A review of undergraduate courses suggests how this can be achieved.
Rev’d. Dr. Simon Robinson is a lecturer in the Centre for Business and Professional Ethics at the University of Leeds. 相似文献
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Olav Gjelsvik 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2017,60(3):295-314
AbstractCappelen and Dever have recently defended the view that indexicals are not essential: They do not signify anything philosophically deep and we do not need indexicals for any important philosophical work. This paper contests their view from the point of view of an account of intentional agency. It argues that we need indexicals essentially when accounting for what it is do something intentionally and, as a consequence, intentional action, and defends a view of intentional action as a possible conclusion of practical reasoning where the indexical is essential for the content of such a conclusion. 相似文献
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Lindred L. Greer Heather M. CarusoKaren A. Jehn 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2011,116(1):116-128
Across two field studies, we investigate the impact of team power on team conflict and performance. Team power is based on the control of resources that enables a team to influence others in the company. We find across both studies that low-power teams outperform high-power teams. In both studies, higher levels of process conflict present in high-power teams explain this effect fully. In our second study, we show that team interpersonal power congruence (i.e., the degree to which team members’ self-views of their individual power within the team align with the perceptions of their other team members) ameliorates the relationship between team power and process conflict, such that when team interpersonal power congruence is high, high-power teams are less likely to experience performance-detracting process conflict. 相似文献
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This paper examines the response of the church and the clergy to the problem of woman battering. A critical review of the theological foundations which may or may not contribute to violence directed toward females is presented. The research examining the response of the clergy to battered women is reviewed. Clergy report being confronted with the problem of woman battering and experiencing much difficulty in handling situations of this nature. In a study conducted by the authors, traditional attitudes were reflected by some modern day clergy; several clerical responses included female-blaming statements. More progressive clergy in this and other studies recognized woman battering as unacceptable; some are even studying ways to more effectively handle woman battering situations. A series of recommendations are included.Summary of Master's Thesis, Indiana University of PA, Indiana, PA 15705. 相似文献
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Representation facilitates reasoning: what natural frequencies are and what they are not 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A good representation can be crucial for finding the solution to a problem. Gigerenzer and Hoffrage (Psychol. Rev. 102 (1995) 684; Psychol. Rev. 106 (1999) 425) have shown that representations in terms of natural frequencies, rather than conditional probabilities, facilitate the computation of a cause's probability (or frequency) given an effect--a problem that is usually referred to as Bayesian reasoning. They also have shown that normalized frequencies--which are not natural frequencies--do not lead to computational facilitation, and consequently, do not enhance people's performance. Here, we correct two misconceptions propagated in recent work (Cognition 77 (2000) 197; Cognition 78 (2001) 247; Psychol. Rev. 106 (1999) 62; Organ. Behav. Hum. Decision Process. 82 (2000) 217): normalized frequencies have been mistaken for natural frequencies and, as a consequence, "nested sets" and the "subset principle" have been proposed as new explanations. These new terms, however, are nothing more than vague labels for the basic properties of natural frequencies. 相似文献
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Alison R. Fragale Benson Rosen Carol Xu Iryna Merideth 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009
In two studies, we explore whether the status of a wrongdoer affects observers’ attributions for the wrongdoer’s actions and opinions about the wrongdoer’s deserved punishment. We find that observers attribute greater intentionality to the actions of high status wrongdoers than the identical actions of low status wrongdoers, and consequently recommend more severe punishments for the former than the latter. Additionally, we find that the relationship between a wrongdoer’s status and observers’ attributions is driven by observers’ perceptions of the wrongdoer’s underlying social motives: high status wrongdoers are presumed to be more interested in their own welfare (self-concerned), and less interested in the welfare of others (other-concerned), than low status individuals. These findings have implications for the psychology of retributive justice, and suggest that punitive reactions may be influenced as much by characteristics of the criminal as they are by characteristics of the crime. 相似文献