公平感社会比较的参照对象选择研究述评

员工的公平感取决于社会比较的参照对象, 分析参照对象选择的规律是理解公平感形成机制的核心问题。首先对公平感社会比较参照对象的种类和特征、参照对象选择的稳定性等进行了介绍, 然后分析了影响参照对象选择的动机、个人、环境和认知因素, 最后重点分析了当前研究中存在的问题, 比如采用问卷无法揭示员工参照对象选择真实的心理过程, 并且提出在以后的研究中采用质的研究方法, 探讨中国组织员工群体化参照对象等新思路。     

Comparative Assessments of Justice, Political Feasibility, and Ideal Theory

What should our theorizing about social justice aim at? Many political philosophers think that a crucial goal is to identify a perfectly just society. Amartya Sen disagrees. In The Idea of Justice, he argues that the proper goal of an inquiry about justice is to undertake comparative assessments of feasible social scenarios in order to identify reforms that involve justice-enhancement, or injustice-reduction, even if the results fall short of perfect justice. Sen calls this the “comparative approach” to the theory of justice. He urges its adoption on the basis of a sustained critique of the former approach, which he calls “transcendental.” In this paper I pursue two tasks, one critical and the other constructive. First, I argue that Sen’s account of the contrast between the transcendental and the comparative approaches is not convincing, and second, I suggest what I take to be a broader and more plausible account of comparative assessments of justice. The core claim is that political philosophers should not shy away from the pursuit of ambitious theories of justice (including, for example, ideal theories of perfect justice), although they should engage in careful consideration of issues of political feasibility bearing on their practical implementation.     

Incommensurability in Aristotle's Theory of Reciprocal Justice

In just proportional exchange, under Aristotle's theory of reciprocal justice, superior sharers in a community materially assist the weaker, and receive honour as a reward. Aristotle's economic thought is represented with a system of 18 formulae. Explained are: (1) What Aristotle means when he says that it is impossible for two sharers or their erga to be commensurable; (2) The extent to which the variables in Aristotle's proportions can be quantified. (3) What diagonal pairing ( κατ διμ?τρoν σζ?υξι?) is; (4) How need makes sharers and their erga ‘sufficiently' commensurable; and (5) Aristotle's theory of what is just in exchange.     

论丹尼尔斯医疗保健公正理论

诺曼·丹尼尔斯将罗尔斯的正义理论应用到医疗资源分配公正领域,他的理论认为医疗保健的道德重要性就在于它保护正常的功能从而保护机会,平等机会不仅提供医疗保健权利的基础,它也帮助我们确定这个权利的承诺限度。此外我们应该依靠公平的程序达到医疗保健公正的分配。     

Shifting Paradigms: Theorizing Care and Justice in Political Theory

The following is an introduction to a roundtable panel of the American Political Science Association meeting (Normative Political Theory Division) held September 2, 1994, in New York City. I set out some main themes in the “care/justice debate,” and suggest that the impasse between care proponents and liberal, neo-Kantian thinkers is perpetuated by caricatured construals of these theories; salient differences come into relief by addressing the ethical and political applications of these moral perspectives.