早中期青少年未来规划的发展及其与父母教养行为的关系：行为自主的中介效应*

采用追踪设计,以948名初中和高中学生为被试,在考察早中期青少年对教育和职业领域的未来规划发展特点的基础上,探讨了父母教养行为对青少年未来规划的预测作用以及青少年行为自主在其中的中介效应。结果表明：(1)在两次测量中,中期青少年的教育探索水平增长,早期青少年的教育探索变化不显著;早期青少年的职业探索和投入水平均高于中期青少年。(2)父母的接纳/参与能正向预测青少年当时及以后对教育和职业的探索和投入;父母的严厉/监督仅能正向预测青少年当时的教育探索和投入。(3)行为自主在父母的接纳/参与对青少年未来规划的预测中起部分中介效应。     

3～8年级学生羞怯与心理适应之关系:一个有中介的调节模型检验

以1485名3-8年级学生为研究对象,借助同伴评价和自我报告,考察性别对羞怯和心理适应关系的调节效应以及同伴关系不良在上述调节效应中的中介作用。研究结果表明:(1)羞怯、同伴关系不良、孤独和抑郁的性别差异显著。女孩的羞怯水平显著高于男孩,而同伴关系不良、孤独、抑郁水平则显著低于男孩;(2)羞怯与同伴关系不良、孤独、抑郁呈较弱的正相关,而与自尊呈较弱的负相关;(3)羞怯与孤独、抑郁、自尊的关系受性别因素的调节,羞怯男孩面临的心理适应风险高于羞怯女孩;(4)性别对羞怯和孤独、抑郁、自尊关系的调节通过同伴关系不良这一中介因素而实现,间接效应占总效应的比例在25%至47%之间。这一结果表明,羞怯的适应价值存在性别差异,而同伴关系在其中扮演着重要的中介角色。     

A structural equation model of intuitive eating with adolescents

IntroductionThe tendency to eat by paying attention and respecting the body's hunger and satiety cues is called intuitive eating. This eating behavior has been linked to positive health and well-being outcomes.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to test a global model linking intuitive eating with self-esteem, body esteem, media influence and including fear of negative appearance evaluation in adolescents’ boys and girls.MethodIn total, 740 adolescent high school students (51.5% girls; M age = 14, SD = 1.5) completed self-report questionnaires with measures of intuitive eating, body esteem, self-esteem, media influence and fear of negative appearance evaluation.ResultsStructural equation modeling revealed an overall excellent fit for the final four-variable model excluding the fear of negative appearance evaluation variable. Mediation analyses showed an indirect relationship between intuitive eating and body esteem via media influence, for girls but not for boys. Body esteem mediated the relationship between intuitive eating and self-esteem, for girls and boys.ConclusionA new model is proposed where intuitive eating is associated with self-esteem through body esteem and media influence. These findings suggest that regulating attitudes and behaviors toward food may be related to higher psychological well-being.     

父母心理控制与儿童自我控制和问题行为:有中介的调节模型

选取343名儿童及其家长为被试考察父母心理控制对儿童问题行为的影响及其机制。结果:(1)心理控制正向预测儿童的内外化问题行为且这种影响受父母自主支持的调节;(2)父母自主支持的调节作用部分通过情绪控制影响儿童内外化问题行为,部分通过抑制控制影响儿童外化问题行为。结论:心理控制对儿童问题行为的影响受自主支持的调节,儿童自我控制能力在其中起部分中介作用。     

初中生感知校园氛围与网络游戏成瘾的关系:学业自我效能感的中介效应与父母学业卷入的调节效应

采用问卷法对462名初中生进行调查,考察了初中生学业自我效能感在感知校园氛围与网络游戏成瘾(Internet gaming disorder, IGD)关系间的中介效应,以及父母学业卷入对这一中介过程的调节效应。结果发现:(1)在控制了性别、年龄、家庭月收入和父母受教育水平后,感知校园氛围显著负向预测初中生IGD;(2)学业自我效能感在感知校园氛围与IGD关系间起着显著的部分中介效应;(3)父母学业卷入对中介路径"感知校园氛围→学业自我效能感→IGD"具有显著的调节效应,即相对于父母学业卷入水平低的初中生而言,这一间接效应对于父母学业卷入水平高的初中生更强。实践干预时,可以通过提高青少年的学业自我效能感和/或调整父母学业卷入程度来预防和控制青少年IGD。     

Parental socialization of emotion and depression in adulthood: The role of attitudes toward sadness

IntroductionLack of parental care and high parental control have systematically been linked to depression. Dysfunctional schemas explain this relationship.ObjectiveWe propose that a retrospective evaluation of unsupportive parental socialization of emotion should predict depression in adulthood and that this relationship should be mediated by negative attitudes toward sadness.MethodOne hundred and forty undergraduate students (mean age of 22) completed a questionnaire for assessing the socialization of emotion (QSE), another for evaluating types of attitudes toward sadness (QAFET), and the Brief Symptom Inventory Depression scale (BSI-D).ResultsResults show that four attitudes toward sadness, namely perception of sadness as a complaint, anger against the self if sad, fear of being rejected if sad and fear of where sadness might lead, each partially mediate the relationship between unsupportive parental socialization of emotion and adult depression.ConclusionOur findings have both theoretical and practical implications. On the one hand, we demonstrated that unsupportive parental socialization of emotion and some attitudes toward sadness both predict depression. On the other hand, our results justify a closer look at parental socialization of emotion and attitudes toward sadness when clinically investigating depression.     

自主支持、基本心理需要满足对一年级职高生内外化问题的影响机制

对1137名一年级职高生实施问卷调查,探讨感知教师和父母自主支持、基本心理需要满足与内外化问题的关系。结果表明：（1）一年级职高生在抑郁问题上女生更严重,在外化问题上男生更严重;（2）教师、父母自主支持与基本心理需要满足呈显著正相关,教师、父母自主支持、基本心理需要满足与一年级职高生内外化问题呈显著负相关;（3）一年级职高生基本心理需要满足在教师、父母自主支持与内化问题的关系中起完全中介作用,在教师、父母自主支持与外化问题的关系中起部分中介作用;（4）教师自主支持对一年级职高生外化问题的影响受父母自主支持的调节作用,对于感知父母自主支持较高的学生,教师自主支持对外化问题的影响呈较为明显的下降趋势。     

Creativity in Middle Childhood: Influence of Perceived Maternal Sensitivity,Self-esteem,and Shyness

This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal sensitivity and affect, as perceived by the child, and childhood creativity. Self-esteem and shyness were considered mediating factors. A total of 151 elementary school pupils were tested on verbal and pictorial creativity, self-esteem, and perceived maternal affect and sensitivity. Their teachers assessed each child’s shyness in their relations at school. A Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model of the causal relationships among the study’s variables was tested. Results supported this theoretical model of causality. Maternal sensitivity had a significant, direct, positive effect on self-esteem, and a direct negative effect on shyness. In addition, self-esteem had a direct positive effect on verbal creativity and shyness had a negative direct effect on verbal and pictorial creativity. The indirect effect of maternal sensitivity on verbal creativity was significant via both self-esteem and shyness. The findings were discussed in terms of their implications for child development.     

父亲和母亲自主支持的特点及其与青少年社会适应的关系：自尊的中介作用

采用父母自主支持量表、自尊量表和青少年社会适应状况评估问卷,对1888名青少年进行调查,考察青少年感知到的父亲和母亲自主支持的年级特点,并探查父母自主支持与青少年社会适应的关系,以及自尊在二者关系中的作用。结果发现：（1）青少年感知到父亲和母亲自主支持发展趋势一致,均表现出先下降后上升的趋势,并在初二时期出现拐点。（2）父亲和母亲的自主支持与青少年自尊及社会适应各领域的发展均呈正相关,而且父亲和母亲自主支持的作用不仅具有累加效应,还可以相互补偿。（3）自尊在父亲和母亲自主支持与社会适应之间均起部分中介作用。     

Perceived parenting style, self-esteem and psychological distress in adolescents with heart disease

The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between perceived parenting style, depressed mood, anxiety and self-esteem in adolescents with heart disease compared with healthy adolescents. Forty-five adolescents, aged 12-18 with congenital or acquired heart disease and 50 healthy age-matched adolescents answered perceived parental behaviour, self-esteem, depressed mood and anxiety questionnaires. The study group reported higher perceived acceptance and lower perceived parental control than healthy adolescents, but similar levels of depressed mood, anxiety and self-esteem. Fischer's r-to-z transformation and regression analyses showed different associations between perceived parenting style and depressed mood, anxiety and self esteem. In the study group, higher perceived parental acceptance was associated with lower depressed mood and higher self-esteem, whereas these associations were not significant in the control group. In the control, but not the study group, higher perceived parental control was associated with lower depressed mood and lower anxiety. Parenting style proved to exert a differential effect on adolescents with and without heart disease. For the former, perceived parental acceptance had a more substantial effect on psychological well-being than perceived parental control. Professionals caring for these adolescents should be aware of the special importance of parenting style on the well-being of adolescents with heart disease, and address this issue in the clinical setting with the patients and their parents.     

Value incongruence,job autonomy,and organization-based self-esteem: A self-based perspective on organizational cynicism

Combining the perspectives of person-environment fit and self-theory, a model was postulated in which both the incongruence between personal and perceived organizational values and job autonomy precede organizational cynicism, while organization-based self-esteem, as a psychological explanation for cynicism, was hypothesized to mediate both relationships. The model and corresponding hypotheses were tested on a sample of 174 Dutch workers. Polynomial regression results indicated that value incongruence and job autonomy add significantly to the prediction of organizational cynicism. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the hypothesized mediating effect of organization-based self-esteem. Results indicated that self-esteem partially mediates both relationships. These results support the conceptualization of organizational cynicism as a self-defensive response to problematic events and circumstances in the work environment.     

The role of social support and self-esteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness

This study aimed at examining the role of social support and self-esteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. The sample consisted of 399 college students, ranging in age from 18 to 30. Cheek and Buss shyness scale, multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support, Rosenberg self-esteem scale and emotional and social loneliness scale were used for data collection. Structural equation modeling showed partial mediation effects of social support and self-esteem between shyness and loneliness. Furthermore, a multi-group analysis found that shy male college students tend to have a more negative self-evaluation compared to their female counterparts. The results are discussed in terms of the conceptional context.     

父母受教育水平与青少年学业适应的关系：父母教养与亲子沟通的中介作用

选取716名高一和高三青少年为被试考察父母受教育水平与青少年学业适应之间的关系,揭示父母教养行为与亲子沟通在其中的中介作用。结果发现,（1）父母受教育水平、亲子沟通、教养行为以及学业适应之间均存在显著相关。（2）父母教养行为的接纳/参与、严厉/监督维度以及亲子沟通在父母受教育水平与青少年学业适应之间起中介作用。（3）直接效应模型和中介模型具有跨性别、城乡和年级等同性。因此,既应关注父母受教育水平与青少年学业适应的直接关系,也应重视亲子互动在其中的重要作用。     

Disgust,scrupulosity and conservative attitudes about sex: Evidence for a mediational model of homophobia

In the present study, core disgust predicted negative attitudes toward homosexuals even after controlling for contamination fear. The effect of core disgust on negative attitudes toward homosexuals was indirect, partially mediated by conservative sexual attitudes and religiosity. The effects of religious principles on negative attitudes toward homosexuals were indirect, via conservative sexual beliefs. These results establish a link between disgust and negative attitudes towards homosexuals that is not fully accounted for by contamination concerns, but rather is partially accounted for by conservative sexual ideology and religiosity.     

父母教养方式对小学高年级学生社会创造力的影响：自尊的中介作用

采用整群抽样法选取548名小学高年级学生为被试,考察父母自主支持、心理控制与社会创造力间的关系以及自尊在其中的中介作用。结果发现：（1）女生社会创造力水平明显高于男生,农村学生社会创造力适宜性水平高于城市学生。（2）典型相关分析发现,在父母教养方式和社会创造力的关系上,交换意见、收回爱能够解释适宜性,自主选择能够解释独创性;（3）父母自主支持正向预测子女的社会创造力（γ=0.27）,心理控制则负向预测子女的社会创造力（γ=-0.29）;自主支持通过自尊的完全中介作用影响社会创造力（中介效应值为0.12）,心理控制则通过自尊的部分中介作用影响社会创造力（中介效应值为0.05）,模型的总解释率R²=0.27。     

A Longitudinal Investigation of Sport Participation, Peer Acceptance, and Self-esteem among Adolescent Girls and Boys

The present investigation was designed to explore the relations between sport participation, peer acceptance, and global self-esteem. Peer acceptance was considered as a possible mediator of the relationship between sport participation and global self-esteem. The sample included girls (N?=?4,689) and boys (N?=?5,811) between the ages of 12 and 21 (M?=?15 years) who were part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Analyses revealed that peer acceptance partially mediated the relation between sport participation and global self-esteem for girls as well as boys. Findings suggest the importance of considering how sport participation and self-evaluations in particular domains may contribute to global feelings of self-worth. The role of peers in this relationship is discussed in relation to changing social attitudes about girls’ sport participation.     

Longitudinal relations among perceived parental warmth,self-esteem and social behaviours from middle childhood to early adolescence in China: Disentangling between- and within-person associations

Although several studies have addressed the relations between perceived parental warmth and social behaviours, few have distinguished their between- and within-person effects or explored their within-person mediating mechanisms. This study examined the transactional relations among perceived parental warmth (i.e. maternal warmth and paternal warmth), children's self-esteem and children's positive/negative social behaviours (i.e. prosocial behaviour and delinquent behaviour) along with the mediating role of self-esteem after disentangling between- and within-person effects. A total of 4315 Chinese elementary children (44.9% girls; M_age = 9.93 years, SD = 0.73) completed relevant measures on four occasions employing 6-month intervals. Results of random-intercept cross-lagged panel models showed that (a) perceived parental warmth reciprocally and positively predicted prosocial behaviour and self-esteem; (b) perceived paternal warmth reciprocally and negatively predicted delinquent behaviour; (c) self-esteem reciprocally predicted prosocial and delinquent behaviour; (d) perceived maternal warmth reciprocally and positively predicted prosocial behaviour through self-esteem; (e) perceived parental warmth reciprocally and negatively predicted delinquent behaviour through self-esteem; and (f) perceived maternal and paternal warmth differed in their relations with prosocial and delinquent behaviours through self-esteem. These findings illuminated the complicated longitudinal within-person interactions among perceived parental warmth, self-esteem, and social behaviours, the specific mediating mechanism of self-esteem, and the differing results associated with perceived maternal and paternal warmth, all of which yield significant implications for assessments and early interventions aimed to promote positive social behaviour.     

An analogue investigation of the relationships among perceived parental criticism, negative affect, and borderline personality disorder features: the role of thought suppression

The current study examined the relationships among biological predisposition, social environment, emotion regulation, and features characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Using an analogue sample, we examined whether thought suppression mediated the relationship of negative affective intensity/reactivity and perceived parental criticism with a composite of BPD features including impulsivity, interpersonal sensitivity, and aggression. Results indicated that thought suppression fully mediated the relationship between negative affect intensity/reactivity and BPD features and partially mediated the relationship between BPD features and perceived parental criticism. Clinical implications, directions for further research, and limitations of the present study are discussed.     

On the Nature of Embarrassabllity: Shyness, Social Evaluation, and Social Skill

In this study, the correlates of embarrassability, or chronic susceptibility to embarrassment, were examined. Competing theoretical models suggest either that embarrassable people should be especially concerned about others' evaluations of them or that they should lack social skills. Further, shyness and embarrassment are typically considered to be closely related states. To test these propositions, 310 participants provided extensive self-reports of social skill, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, self-consciousness, and negative affectivity. Regression and factor analyses indicated that, compared to those of low embarrassability, highly embarrassable people are particularly concerned with the normative appropriateness of behavior and are more motivated to avoid rejection from others. In contrast, shyness was best predicted by low social self-confidence and low social skill. The data best support a social-evaluation model of embarrassment and argue that embarrassability is linked to the appropriateness of social behavior, and shyness to its effectiveness.     

初中青少年自尊发展趋势及影响因素的追踪分析

本研究采用纵向追踪设计, 从整合的视角考察了亲子关系、师生关系、学业压力以及认知自主对初中青少年自尊发展水平和趋势的影响。结果发现：(1)从初一到初三, 青少年的自尊水平和认知自主水平呈现显著的上升趋势, 师生关系亲密度呈现显著的下降趋势, 亲子关系和学业压力没有明显变化; (2)亲子关系和认知自主对初中青少年的自尊发展有着显著的促进作用, 学业压力对初中青少年的自尊发展有着明显的抑制作用, 师生关系对初中青少年的自尊发展没有明显影响。