"谦"的德性传统及其当代命运

The virtue of qian, one of the traditional Chinese virtues, usually refers to humbleness, humility and modesty. Ancient thinkers in China not only expounded on the meaning and basis of qian, but also argued for its value. It was usually thought that the value of qian rested in its ability to cultivate virtue, promote scholarship, get along with people, and maintain enterprises. Ancient thinkers in China placed so much emphasis on the virtue of qian that there was a tendency to overemphasize qian. There is also a tradition of qian in the West, which is less likely to become excessive compared to that in the East. Presently, Chinese society is transitioning into a modern society, but the virtue of qian still has value. While continuing to embrace its traditional essence, we should adopt useful aspects from the Western concept of qian to reshape the virtue of qian so that it conforms to modern Chinese society. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Daode Yu Wenming 뗀뗂폫컄쏷 (Morality and Civilization), 2007, (3): 18–24     

The changing relationship between psychology and contemporary spiritual direction

As recently as the late 1970's, the relationship between spiritual direction and psychology was tentative and cautious. During the last decade, however, psychological methods and perspectives have been increasingly utilized in spiritual direction. This article examines how clinical psychology, developmental psychology, the psychology of women, and professional psychology are becoming increasingly relevant to the contemporary practice of spiritual direction in the United States, and how, in the process, the relationship between psychology and spiritual direction is changing.     

Nearest in amity: Christians in the Qur'an and contemporary exegetical tradition

This essay seeks to argue the following points: first, tafsir is an important means of understanding not only the Qur'an but also the social situation of the Muslim community in our own time. Second, the Qur'an presents a clearly pluralistic view of religion and culture which allows for religious diversity within the framework of faith in God and the last day and the performance of righteous deeds. Third, the Qur'anic verses discussed in this article illustrate this view; yet Qur'an commentators considered in this essay generally reject this Qur'anic worldview in favour of a much more rigid approach to other religions.     

Second-order properties and three varieties of functionalism

This paper investigates whether there is an acceptable version of Functionalism that avoids commitment to second-order properties. I argue that the answer is “no”. I consider two reductionist versions of Functionalism, and argue that both are compatible with multiple realization as such. There is a more specific type of multiple realization that poses difficulties for these views, however. The only apparent Functionalist solution is to accept second-order properties.     

The critical place of personalism: Comments on Stern and the special issue

Reflective commentary on the project of the special issue as a whole and on each of the contributions is offered. Evaluation of the place of critical personalism in the twenty-first century and four efforts needed to secure it are then suggested.     

The ideal of piety of the Ashkenazi Hasidim and its roots in Jewish tradition

This article is the revised version of a lecture given at the Third Congress of the European Association of Jewish Studies, held in Berlin, July 26–31, 1987. I thank Israel Yuval for commenting on the first German draft, and Kenneth Stow, Sarah Gluck, and Aubrey Pomerance for their efforts in shaping and improving the English translation.     

Disclosure reciprocity and liking as a function of gender and personalism

Evidence is presented that: (1) Liking and reciprocal disclosure for males and females are mediated by personalistic attributions; however, the predicted pattern was obtained for females on a willingness-to-disclose measure and for males on an appropriateness-to-disclose measure. (2) Females disclosed at higher levels of intimacy than males. Specifically, two studies are presented that show that the effect of disclosure intimacy and attribution on reciprocity and liking are influenced by subject sex, and may include sex differences in subjects' perception of the sex of the recipients of their liking and disclosure. An appropriateness-of-disclosure higher order interaction in Study II involved partner sex, intimacy, and attribution. It seemed that disclosers were careful in choosing their audience. When appropriateness of disclosing is the question, it is not so important who is doing the disclosing as who is receiving the disclosure. These findings may help to clarify the mixed evidence regarding sex differences in self-disclosure behaviors.     

The ethical catastrophe of contemporary Russia and its foresights in Russian thought

This paper examines the changing ethical consciousness in Russia since the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 and discusses how this change was reflected in Russian religious philosophy. This process can be characterized by a series of sudden and violent replacements of contradictory ethical models, which, by disorientating the public consciousness, led to the atrophy of the ethical instinct. The last two models in the series correspond to the “anti-ethics” of the 1990s and the “non-ethics” of the third Millennium. The latter model (“non-ethics”) corresponds to the current absence of individual ethical positions and the willingness to adopt any position prescribed by the state. A review of philosophical reflection on this process shows that Russian religious thought did not foresee such an ethical catastrophe. Indeed, although Vladimir Solovyov presented an alarming eschatological foresight of the future, and despite the fact that the collection Landmarks, written in 1907, firmly identified the intelligentsia as a highly destructive agent promoting their own alternative ethics, the optimistic philosophical model nonetheless prevailed. According to this optimistic model, the period of disasters and catastrophes will be followed by a new spiritual reawakening.     

The assessment of subjective well-being and its relationship to the stress process

Research into relationships between stressors and adaptational outcomes has often represented well-being as the relative lack of pathological signs. However, such assessments do not discriminate between not being ill and experiencing degrees of subjective well-being (i.e., from feeling "OK" to feeling "Great!"). This article suggests that subjective well-being be more narrowly defined to refer strictly to positive indicators of health status. In this study, psychometric properties of a new instrument, the Well-Being Scale-36, were examined. Relationships between subjective well-being and components of the stress process were explored. The results indicated that well-being and various forms of pathology should be conceptualized as distinct but related entities.     

The relationship of the Marlowe-Crowne Scale and its components to defensive preferences

Two lines of recent research have interpreted the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS) as a measure of either need to avoid social disapproval or need to protect and maintain vulnerable self-esteem. In addition, it has been suggested that two component (Attribution and Denial) scores derived from the MC-SDS are differentially related to defensiveness. The present study tested several hypotheses regarding the relationship of the MC-SDS and its components to relative preference for five classes of defensive responses, as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory. Results among females best supported a disapproval-avoidance interpretation of the MC-SDS. while no support was found for the proposed differential validity of the attribution, and denial components. Support for such differential validity was, however, obtained among males. Results for this group suggest that high denial component scorers will opt for protecting vulnerable self-esteem even in the face of possible social disapproval, while high attribution scorers are primarily concerned with avoiding such disapproval. Implications for use of the MCSDS and its components as measures of defensiveness are discussed and suggestions for additional research are presented.     

Mindfulness and its relationship to emotional regulation

Research on the effectiveness and mechanisms of mindfulness training applied in psychotherapy is still in its infancy (Erisman & Roemer, 2010). For instance, little is known about the extent and processes through which mindfulness practice improves emotion regulation. This experience sampling study assessed the relationship between mindfulness, emotion differentiation, emotion lability, and emotional difficulties. Young adult participants reported their current emotional experiences 6 times per day during 1 week on a PalmPilot device. Based on these reports of emotions, indices of emotional differentiation and emotion lability were composed for negative and positive emotions. Mindfulness was associated with greater emotion differentiation and less emotional difficulties (i.e., emotion lability and self-reported emotion dysregulation). Mediational models indicated that the relationship between mindfulness and emotion lability was mediated by emotion differentiation. Furthermore, emotion regulation mediated the relationship between mindfulness and both negative emotion lability and positive emotion differentiation. This experience sampling study indicates that self-reported levels of mindfulness are related to higher levels of differentiation of one's discrete emotional experiences in a manner reflective of effective emotion regulation.     

树崇拜与道教

“树崇拜”是早期人类所信奉的原始崇拜习俗之一。世界各地不同的民族有着不同的“树崇拜”类型,有的认为树木是“精灵住所”,树上有神的使者;有的认为树是“家族名字的来源”,树与宗族有密不可分的关系;还有的认为树林是宗教崇拜的地方,是一个神圣的处所,“唯一的庙宇”①。中     

The dimensionality of cognitive appraisal and its relationship to physical and psychological well-being

In current adjustment models, an individual's appraisal of life events has been included as an important determinant in the stress-illness process. In particular, these events have been defined in terms of a variety of unidimensional concepts, such as desirability, controllability, or as having the potential for threat or challenge. The present study investigated the multidimensional nature of cognitive appraisal and its relationship to physical and psychological well-being. Residents of a Canadian community (N = 184) responded to an extensive survey on life-event stress, appraisal, alcohol consumption, health status, and depression. A principal-axis factor analysis of 19 appraisal dimensions revealed five factors accounting for 60% of the variance: Undesirability/Threat, Gain/Challenge, Need for Information, Familiarity, and Need to Accept. Entered with total number of life events and coping behavior as predicted aspects of well-being.     

The persistently neglected sibling relationship and its applicability to group therapy.

Despite the parallel between early sibling experiences and patients' experiences of their fellow group members, there is a noticeable dearth of articles directly addressing this connection as its main thesis. This article describes the fundamental applicability of sibling dynamics to a wide range of group experiences and interventions, including the introduction of new members, the special case of only children, twinning between group members, and the cotherapy relationship. We explore patient dreams, the sources of resistance within the profession to the awareness of sibling dynamics, and the therapist's management of group boundaries and norms through this lens of sibling dynamics.