Vom Labor ins Feld

The mainstream of psychotherapy evaluation had moved away from naturalistic studies like catamnestic ones because their internal validity had to be questioned. The kind of studies which predominated after that have also been criticised in the last few years due to their lack of external and ecological validity. The new approach nowadays is to use controlled field studies which manage to combine the advantages of both previously mentioned evaluation methods. The possibilities with regard to contents and methodological requirements of such studies are described. However, this approach is only possible if it is firmly supported by psychotherapists in the field.     

Labor market experiences and expectancies

Comparisons are made of the labor market experiences of a national sample of employed Black and White men and women. While women had invested in their human capital nearly as often as men, they less often had tried job training or job changes, and more often had acquired additional schooling, to improve their market positions. Compared to White men, both groups of women also expressed lower work-related expectancies. Part of the White male expectancy edge can be attributed to differences in past investment strategies. Black and white women who had tried to make work changes did not differ from White men in present expectancies. While the causal relationship between experiences and expectancies needs further examination, especially in longitudinal studies, these results suggest that adult socialization in the labor market, while generally neglected, is a potentially important area of research on women's employment.     

论劳动的道德关系

劳动在造就了人的同时,也使人获得了最基本的权利和义务,不劳动或不爱劳动就是不为社会尽义务,同时,社会不给劳动者劳动的机会,就是剥夺了劳动者的基本人权;在劳动过程中,职业化的劳动不仅要对行业负责,也要对社会负责;在劳动结果上,要实现劳动得失的平衡,体现社会最基本的公平正义.     

Gender Theory and Household Labor

This commentary evaluates and extends Lachance-Grzela and Bouchard’s (2010) review of household labor studies published between 2000 and 2009. Article sampling choices and coverage issues are reviewed and critiqued, followed by a discussion of gender theories and the relationship of divisions of household labor to systems of gender stratification. The author applauds the recent turn toward conceptualizing and measuring national political and policy contexts in household labor studies and calls for more use of meso-level variables and reliance on multi-dimensional theories of gender inequality in analyzing divisions of paid and unpaid labor.     

Locke on Land and Labor

Philosophical Studies -     

Seven Important Labor Force Trends

Observations based on data derived from the 1981 Handbook of Labor Statistics bring to the fore some changing realities that Job Service counselors need to accept.     

The Religious Ethics of Labor

While unionization rates have steadily declined in the United States, there has been a renewal of grassroots labor organizing—in many cases connected in some way with religious communities. Attending to such organizing efforts holds the potential to deepen religious‐ethical reflection on questions of labor, and these religious‐ethical reflections hold the potential to enrich on‐the‐ground organizing efforts. These opportunities have largely been overlooked. On the one hand, while scholars have recently explored connections between religious ideas and economic ideas, they have often neglected questions of labor. On the other hand, labor studies scholars have often ignored the role of religion, although this is beginning to change. In this introduction we limn the resources available for religious‐ethical reflection on questions of labor and we propose a direction that the field could take, bringing together engagement with religious traditions and attunement to grassroots organizing.     

Birth as Labor and Natality

Abstract

While the embodied subject has become a crucial site of theorization in both the study of religion and feminism, the maternal subject has not yet received consideration. As double, divided in bodies and psyches, subject to partial deaths, opaque to itself, continuous and bounded, of double ontological and legal status, perhaps complexly racialized, perhaps complexly sexed and gendered, the maternal subject defies a liberal anthropology. This paper turns to Hannah Arendt’s work and reception as an important path for consideration of the political import of maternality. Arendt perpetuates a strong private/public distinction and locates maternality in the realm of labor and decisively outside the polis. Birth and maternality as apolitical labor drew strong criticism from Arendt’s first generation of interpreters. Yet this also articulates “flesh-and-blood” aspects of maternality in ways that now deserve greater consideration. Arendt’s famous notion of natality as the source of human newness has been received with enthusiasm by many feminists. I show that Arendt, in part because of the theological heritage of her anthropology of the creature, adopts a problematically disembodied notion of birth, one that effaces the maternal subject in the production of the politics of citizens.     

浅谈产科镇痛与人文关怀

实施无痛分娩是对每位产妇最贴切的人文关怀,每位产妇都有享受这种关怀的权利,而在我国分娩镇痛仍未普遍采用.通过实际案例及产科镇痛发展史,论证了当今实施产科镇痛的必要性及技术条件的成熟性,剖析了当今实施此技术的人为及社会障碍,并提出了解决这一问题的方法和途径.     

论和谐社会的和谐劳动

和谐劳动是与和谐社会相联系的社会主义新型劳动,主要表现为劳动者与劳动产品的和谐、劳动手段与劳动目的的和谐、人的生命活动与人的本质活动的和谐、劳动活动与劳动关系的和谐。和谐劳动作为人类社会和谐的基础和前提条件,是构建和谐社会的现实要求。实现和谐劳动的基本途径是:切实明确劳动主体责任、科学确立劳动价值取向、合理安排劳动分配制度、积极完善劳动协调机制、促进劳动者全面发展。     

Simone Weil on Labor and Spirit

This essay argues that Simone Weil appropriates Marx's notion of labor as life activity in order to reposition work as the site of spirituality. Rather than locating spirituality in a religious tradition, doctrine, profession of faith, or in personal piety, Weil places it in the capacity to work. Spirit arises in the activity of living, and more specifically in laboring—in one's engagement with materiality. Utilizing Marx's distinction between living and dead labor, I show how Weil develops a critique of capital as a “force” that disrupts the individual's relation to her own work by reducing it to the mere activity of calculable “production.” Capital reduces labor to an abstraction and thereby uproots human subjectivity, on a systemic scale, from its connection to living praxis, or what Weil calls spirituality. Life itself is exchanged for a simulacrum of life. In positioning living labor as spiritual, Weil's work offers a corrective to these deadening practices.     

Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator of Affectivity/Emotional Labor and Emotional Labor/Psychological Distress Relationships

Emotional labor refers to effort, planning, and control required to display organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions and performed by individuals either through deep acting or surface acting. Deep acting refers to the modification of inner feeling in order to express the organizationally desired emotions, whereas surface acting refers to the change of emotional expression without facilitating the change of inner emotional state. The authors examined the moderating role of emotional intelligence dimensions (self-emotional appraisal; others’ emotional appraisal, use of emotion, and regulation of emotion) in the affectivity (a general positive or negative tendency to experience a particular mood)-emotional labor and emotional labor-psychological distress relationships among 210 university teachers. Specifically, we found that (a) regulation of emotion was a particularly important emotional intelligence dimension in influencing the use of deep acting, both directly and indirectly through the interaction with negative affectivity; (b) positive affectivity emerged as an important affectivity dimension in influencing the use of deep acting both directly and indirectly through the interaction with self-emotional appraisal; (c) negative affectivity was a particularly important affectivity dimension in influencing the use of surface acting, both directly and indirectly through its interaction with emotional intelligence dimensions of self-emotional appraisal and use of emotion; and finally (d) regulation of emotion interacted with deep acting to influence the psychological distress arising from EL requirements.     

Not by Labor Alone: Considerations for Value Influence Use of the Labor Rule in Ownership Transfers

People often assign ownership to the person who has invested labor into making an object (labor rule). However, labor usually improves objects and increases their value, and it has not been investigated whether these considerations underlie people's use of the labor rule. We presented participants with third‐party ownership conflicts between an owner of materials and an artist who used the materials for some artwork. Experiment 1 revealed that participants were more likely to transfer ownership to the artist for low‐value materials than for high‐value materials, and Experiment 2 showed that this effect was further moderated by the amount of effort the artist had invested. A third experiment confirmed that participants transferred ownership more often if the artist's labor had increased the value of the materials than when it had added no value. These findings suggest that considerations for value underlie ownership transfers following the investment of labor.     

论我国剩余农业劳动力转移问题

近年来我国农民收入增幅持续下降的深层原因,在于剩余农业劳动力转移严重受阻.而我国剩余农业劳动力转移的艰巨性,在相当程度上又是和我国所选择的超前工业化发展战略,以及与其相互依存的城市二元经济社会结构联结在一起.要有效地解决我国剩余农业劳动力的转移,就必须遵循社会经济发展的一般规律,最大限度地发挥市场化、工业化和城市化对剩余农业劳动力转移的推动作用.     

劳动价值论拓展的四个维度

既往人们论及的劳动价值论,从不同侧面来看,可谓之"物质产品价值论"、"产出价值论"、"一线劳动价值论"、"体力劳动价值论",如今,创造价值的劳动在非物质生产领域、消费场创设、管理职能及劳动耗费的智力含量这四个维度均有了拓展,这客观上要求以"劳务价值论"、"消费场价值论"、"管理价值论"、"智力价值论",对劳动价值论作出新的阐释,以体现其应有的时代感.