The Effects of Imagery Training on Swimming Performance: An Applied Investigation

A multiple-baseline design was used to examine the influence of an imagery intervention on the performance of swimmers’ times on a thousand-yard practice set. Performance times for four swimmers were collected over a 15-week period during preseason training. The intervention took place over a 3-week period and was introduced after the fourth week of the study. The results revealed that three out of four participants significantly improved their times on the one thousand-yard practice set after being introduced to the imagery intervention. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of using imagery to improve athlete's performance on continuous tasks.     

An Investigation into the Relationship between Neuroticism,Extraversion and Cognitive Test Performance in Selection

This research reports an investigation into the relationship between neuroticism, extraversion and cognitive test performance in a real selection situation. Strong support is found for the proposition that neuroticism is associated with lower performance on numerical reasoning tests in stressful situations and that the obtained scores provide a significant under-estimate of the neurotic's true ability in such circumstances. The state-trait model of anxiety and the concept of cognitive interference appear to provide an adequate explanation of the findings. The implications of these findings for the assessment of cognitive ability in selection are discussed.     

信任形成过程的映像理论观点

在回顾以往关于信任形成的研究基础上,作者指出了以往研究的不足,并提出从决策视角考察信任形成过程的新思路。通过对映像理论关键特征和信任决策过程特征相似性的分析,作者认为可以运用映像理论解释信任决策的形成过程,并以映像理论为基础提出了信任决策的过程模型,以及相应的检验思路。     

Observer Effects without Demand Characteristics: An Inductive Investigation of Video Monitoring and Performance

Purpose

The purpose of these two studies was to explore the relationship between video monitoring and quantity of performance in the absence of demand characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered via two experiments involving business students working on a motor task. Participants were randomly assigned to the monitored and unmonitored conditions. Experiment 1 (n = 75) was inductive while Experiment 2 (n = 139) was partially inductive.

Findings

Experiment 1 showed that monitored participants’ performance was lower than that of unmonitored participants. Further, monitoring reduced outliers, increased interquartile variance, and normalized the distribution. Experiment 2 replicated the effect of monitoring on performance controlling for cognitive ability and emotions, demonstrated that negative emotions interacted with monitoring condition, and suggested that differences in performance were not due to cheating or variation in task-related strategies. We offer a grounded theory of video monitoring proposing that different implicit decision rules are activated when people are monitored as compared to when they are not monitored.

Implications

Future research needs to determine the extent to which our results extend to similar settings in the workplace and to other forms of observation. At this time, we believe organizations should carefully consider the consequences of electronic monitoring. Controlling expectations in the lab or workplace does not necessarily eliminate the independent effect of monitoring. Therefore, researchers must beware misinterpretation of effect sizes and overlooking the role of observation in their data.

Originality/value

These studies demonstrate that video monitoring can create observer effects in the absence of demand characteristics. Our inductive approach revealed the nature of the effects beyond mean differences and served as the basis for developing a testable theory of monitoring that goes beyond what was previously known.     

An Empirical Investigation of the Impact of Process Monitoring on Computer-Mediated Decision-Making Performance

The need to support individuals in the implementation of their decision-making strategies has often been articulated. However, computerized decision support addressing this need is conspicuous by its absence. We argue that this lack is a consequence of the dearth of theoretical guidance for the derivation of practical design guidelines. This paper, utilizing research in psychology and cognitive engineering, attempts to fill this theoretical gap. A laboratory experiment testing the utility of a DSS incorporating the derived design guidelines is described. Results indicate that itispossible to incorporate implementation support into DSS, that such support increases decision making efficiency and effectiveness, and that need as well as usefulness of such support increases with the level of complexity of the decision strategy.     

伊斯兰传入库车辨析

伊斯兰教在新疆的传播是一个长期、复杂的过程。从10世纪到16世纪初经过两次较大规模的传播,基本确立了该教在古代维吾尔族中的地位。前一次喀喇汗朝时期伊斯兰教传播到塔里木盆地北缘,后一次(14世纪以后)传播范围从塔里木盆地北缘到吐鲁番和哈密地区以及天山北部的蒙兀儿人。库车地处塔里木盆地北缘,伊斯兰教何时传入说法不一。根据史料综合分析,伊斯兰教传入该地应在14世纪中期,是蒙古察合台后王的大力推导和伊斯兰教苏非派传教士活动的结果。这一过程仅涉及伊斯兰教在新疆的传播,也涉及该地佛教的消失。     

兰州市清真寺经堂教育调查研究

兰州是西北经堂教育的重要发展地。调查显示,在经堂学习的人数相当可观。近20年来兰州市清真寺经堂教育经历了传统继承期、改革尝试期、改革认同期三个阶段,现在处于传统与现代之间徘徊的“瓶颈”状态。改革是发展经堂教育的必由之路,改革的关键就是调整教育价值取向,同时,树立正规教育观和教育职业观。     

An Electrophysiological Investigation of the Effects of Social Rejection on Self Control

Previous studies have shown that social rejection leads to impaired performance on a variety of tasks that require self control, including the Stroop color-word interference task; however, mechanisms underlying the effect remain to be elucidated. We attempted to clarify the effects of social rejection on self control resources by measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) during a computerized Stroop test. Stroop performance and ERPs from 54 participants in rejected, control, and accepted groups were analyzed. A significant difference in the pattern of results for the N450 ERP was found, with rejected participants showing less negativity on incongruent trials and more on congruent trials compared to accepted participants and controls. The results suggest social rejection reduces the engagement of cognitive control mechanisms, and are more consistent with a limited strength resource model than with limited capacity resource models that focus on limitations in attention.     

An Investigation of the Sample Performance of Two Nonnormality Corrections for RMSEA

The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is a popular fit index in structural equation modeling (SEM). Typically, RMSEA is computed using the normal theory maximum likelihood (ML) fit function. Under nonnormality, the uncorrected sample estimate of the ML RMSEA tends to be inflated. Two robust corrections to the sample ML RMSEA have been proposed, but the theoretical and empirical differences between the 2 have not been explored. In this article, we investigate the behavior of these 2 corrections. We show that the virtually unknown correction due to Li and Bentler (2006) Li, L. and Bentler, P. M. 2006. “Robust statistical tests for evaluating the hypothesis of close fit of misspecified mean and covariance structural models.”. In UCLA Statistics Preprint #506. Los Angeles: University of California..  [Google Scholar], which we label the sample-corrected robust RMSEA, is a consistent estimate of the population ML RMSEA yet drastically reduces bias due to nonnormality in small samples. On the other hand, the popular correction implemented in several SEM programs, which we label the population-corrected robust RMSEA, has poor properties because it estimates a quantity that decreases with increasing nonnormality. We recommend the use of the sample-corrected RMSEA with nonnormal data and its wide implementation.     

An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of a Teaching Practicum on Prospective Faculty

The author examines the effectiveness of a Practicum in the Teaching of Psychology for the training of prospective faculty members. Specifically, the author examines the following questions: (a) In what areas do prospective faculty need more knowledge or skills, (b) what activities most increased self-efficacy, and (c) what can be learned through an intensive, single-subject design about the process of becoming a teacher? Pre- and posttesting and a qualitative protocol were used to examine the change process. Results indicated a profound need for information on a broad range of topics and revealed that feedback from students and the practicum instructor was the primary source of increasing self-efficacy.     

东晋出家士族考

本文提出划分士庶的五条标准,从活跃在东晋时期的高僧中分辨出15名僧人具有士族身份。考证的结论是:两晋时代士族出家的现象绝大多数发生在北方士族群体之中;士族出家是在八王之乱(290)之后,两晋之交以及东晋时期在中国首次出现了士族出家的小高潮,绝大多数士族出家都是出于个人的人生信仰,属于认识问题;就北方出家士族南迁的时间来看,主要分二个阶段:一是永嘉至成帝咸康年间(307-342),二是晋哀帝兴宁年(363)以后。前者迁入地集中在建康和会稽,后者迁入地集中在襄阳和庐山。关于师门问题,东晋时代,佛学研究和僧团生活十分自由,师门并没有在佛教中起作用,距宗派性的产生还差得很远。也就是说,佛教戒律及其约束精神也由此规范着中国人的行为与观念。     

Effects of Reasons Analysis on the Accuracy of Predicting Basketball Games1

It is argued that analyzing and listing reasons can lead to poorer predictions because reasoners either access information inappropriate to the task or have difficulty integrating the information they do bring to mind. To test this hypothesis, self-described basketball experts predicted the outcomes of actual basketball games in a national tournament. Half of the participants were asked to analyze and list reasons for their predictions before making them, and half were told explicitly not to analyze their reasons. Compared to nonreasoners, reasoners predicted fewer winners of the games and predicted margins of victory that differed more from both the actual margins of victory and the margins of victory predicted by experts. The relationship between expertise and reasons analysis, and the implications of the results for other domains of prediction are discussed.     

摩尼教传入温州考

温州曾是华化摩尼教民间教派明教活动的重要地区,但对其何时何地何以传入温州问题的研究尚为欠缺。本文通过分析相关历史资料,特别是温州姓氏史志和谱牒资料,以及温州方言状况,认为摩尼教传入温州,可上溯至唐季五代大量闽东移民入温时。     

A Preliminary Investigation into Effects of Linguistic Abstraction on the Perception of Gender in Spoken Language

We investigated the role that linguistic abstraction may play in people’s perceptions of gender in spoken language. In the first experiment, participants told stories about their best friend and romantic partner. Variations in linguistic abstraction and gender-linked adjectives for describing their close others were examined. Participants used significantly more abstract language to describe men compared to women, possibly reflecting a gender stereotype associated with the dispositionality factor of linguistic abstraction. In a second experiment, a new group of participants judged the gender of the protagonists from the stories generated in Experiment 1, after the explicit linguistic gender cues were removed. Consistent with the dispositionality factor, linguistic abstraction moderated the effects of the gender stereotypicality of the context (masculine, feminine, or neutral) on participants’ gender judgments. Discussion focuses on the implications of the results for the communication of gender stereotypes and the effects of linguistic abstraction in more naturalistic language.     

液晶显示器上字符辨认效果与观察角度及字符大小的关系

本研究从工程心理学角度,探讨了有源矩阵液晶显示器上字符辨认效果与观察角度及字符大小的关系。实验结果表明：(1)液晶显示的字符辨认效果因观察角度不同而存在显著差异,无论是在水平方向上还是下视方向上,字符辨认错误率均随着观察角度的增大而先慢后快地上升;但相比之下,水平方向上观察角度变化的容许范围大于下视方向上的容许范围;(2)液晶显示器上字符辨认效果也受字符大小的影响,并且字符大小与观察角度之间存在着显著的交互作用;当观察角度较大时,可通过加大字符尺寸来提高视觉辨认效果。     

Need for Cognition and Affective Orientation as Predictors of Sales Performance: An Investigation of Main and Interaction Effects

Two constructs—need for cognition (NFC) and affective orientation (AO)—might be helpful in explaining and ultimately predicting two measures of sales performance: a self-rated behavioral measure and an objective sales measure. Specifically, we hypothesize (1) a positive relationship between NFC and sales performance; (2) a positive relationship between AO and sales performance; and (3) a positive interaction effect between NFC and AO on sales performance. The results of this study revealed both NFC and AO correlated with self-rated behavioral performance but only NFC correlated with both performance measures; suggesting that need for cognition may be the more influential of the two for sales organizations concerned with selling behaviors as well as sales outcomes. The hypothesized interaction effect was not supported.     

Leadership Developmental Level and Performance: An Investigation of Gender Differences

This study investigates the predictive ability of Leadership Developmental Levels (Constructive/Developmental Theory) in a model of leader performance. Using 67 executive leaders from a Leadership Development Consulting firm, Leadership Developmental Level was found to predict leader performance for males, but not for females. This study investigates potential sources of this discrepancy, including rater bias, Performance Differences, Developmental Differences, Interpersonal Connection Style, and Gender Moderation. It is found that the source of the gender distinction is in Interpersonal Connection Style.     

An Investigation of Incremental Effects of Interspersing Math Items on Task-Related Behavior

The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend research on task interspersal. The authors investigated whether changes in on-task behavior of two middle school students were functionally related to changes in the relative percentages of easy and difficult items on math worksheets. They found that the participants remained on task longer while completing worksheets with 33 and 67% interspersed easy problems than while completing worksheets without the interspersed easy problems. Participants’ accuracy in answering the target problems was not affected, however, by the interspersal procedure. The authors concluded that interspersing easy items on independent math seatwork assignments can increase on-task behavior.     

An Investigation of the Effects of Protégé Gender on Responses to Mentoring

Review of the literature on mentoring at work reveals a paucity of studies investigating gender differences in responses to mentoring. Relations of mentoring status and protégé gender to organizational commitment, job satisfaction, career progress expectations, perceived employment alternatives, role conflict, and role ambiguity are reported for a sample of 254 managers. Results indicate that having a mentor may be associated with a more positive job experience and the perception of more employment alternatives elsewhere. Implications for future research are discussed.