BOOK REVIEWS

Book review in this Article: P. Christopher Earley and Miriam Erez. The Transplanted Executive. Leslie A. Perlow. Finding Time: How Corporations, Individuals, and Families Can Benefit from New Work Practices. Ithaca, NY: ILR Reviewed by Céleste M. Brotheridge, Ph.D. Student, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Edward P. Lazear. Personnel Economics for Managers. Reviewed by Wayne F. Cascio, Professor of Management, Graduate School of Business, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO. Dennis A. Davis. Threats Pending, Fuses Burning: Managing Workplace Violence. Reviewed by Lynne M. Andersson, Assistant Professor, Erivan K. Haub School of Business, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA. David W. Bracken, Maxine A. Dalton, Robert A. Jako, Cynthia D. McCauley, and Victoria Pollman. Should 360-Degree Feedback be Used Only for Developmental Purposes? Reviewed by Anthony T. Dalessio, Senior Specialist, Bell Atlantic Corporation, New York, NY. Mats Alvesson and Yvonne Due Billing. Understanding Gender and Organizations. Reviewed by Gary W. Yunker, Professor of Management, Department of Management and Marketing, and Barbara D. Yunker, Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Resources, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL. P. Christopher Earley. Face, Harmony, and Social Structure: An Analysis of Organizational Behavior across Cultures. Reviewed by Jone L. Pearce, Professor, Graduate School of Management, University of California, Irvine, CA. Clair Brown, Yoshifumi Nakata, Michael Reich, and Lloyd Ull-man. Work and Pay in the United States and Japan. Reviewed by Edilberto F. Montemayor, Associate Professor, School of Labor and Industrial Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. Hope Landrine and Elizabeth A. Klonoff. Discrimination Against Women: Prevalence, Consequences, Remedies. Reviewed by Mary R. Watson, Assistant Professor of Human Resources, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Adrian Furnham. The Psychology of Behavior at Work. Wayne F. Cascio. Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits (5th edition). Reviewed by Anthony F. Buono, Professor of Management, Bentley College, Waltham, MA. Robert B. Lawson and Zheng Shen. Organizational Psychology: Foundations and Applications. Reviewed by John R. Ogilvie, Associate Dean and Associate Professor of Management, Barney School of Business, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT Deborah L. Whetzel and George R. Wheaton (Editors). Applied Measurement Methods in Industrial Psychology. Reviewed by Malcolm James Ree, Associate Professor, Our Lady of the Lake University, Center for Leadership Studies, San Antonio, TX. Robert D. Gatewood and Hubert S. Feild. Human Resource Selection (4th ed.). Reviewed by Kathie L. Pelletier, Graduate Student, and Janet L. Kottke, Professor and Director, Industrial-Organizational Psychology Graduate Program, California State University, San Bernardino, CA. Milton D. Hakel (Editor). Beyond Multiple Choice: Evaluating Alternatives to Traditional Testing for Selection. Reviewed by Paul E. Spector, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. David T Lykken. A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector. Reviewed by Theodore L. Hayes, Senior Research Analyst, The Gallup Organization, Lincoln, NE. Jeffrey A. Berman. Competence-Based Employment Interviewing. Reviewed by David W. Denton, Assistant Professor of Psychology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN. Pierre Mornell. 45 Effective Ways for Hiring Smart: How to Predict Winners and Losers in the Incredibly Expensive People-Reading Game. Reviewed by Jay C. Thomas, Associate Professor, Pacific University, Portland, OR. Richard Beckhard. Agent of Change: My Life, My Practice. Albert A. Vicere and Robert M. Fulmer. Leadership by Design. Susan Albers Mohrman, Jay R. Galbraith, Edward E. Lawler III, and Associates. Tomorrow's Organization: Crafting Winning Capabilities in a Dynamic World. Reviewed by Victoria Buenger, Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Susan Albers Mohrman and Allan M. Mohrman, Jr. Designing and Leading Team-Based Organizations: A Workbook for Organizational Self-Design. Reviewed by Christopher A. Hall, University of Missouri, and Michael M. Beyerlein, University of North Texas. Bill Bamberger and Cathy N. Davidson. Closing: The Life and Death of an American Factory. Reviewed by Lynn Summers, Mediappraise Corporation, Raleigh, NC.     

2010~2020中国内地初中生心理健康问题检出率的元分析

初中生心理健康问题的检出率在诸多研究中存在很大分歧, 未能为心理健康政策制定和服务体系建设提供充分依据。为明确心理健康问题的整体检出率并澄清其影响因素, 对2010~2020年检索到的文献进行了元分析。结果发现, 初中生面临不同程度的心理健康问题, 其中焦虑、抑郁和自我伤害检出率排在前三位; 初中生心理健康问题随年代发展呈恶化趋势, 其中焦虑和自杀企图尤为明显; 初中生心理健康问题检出率饱受测量工具、检出标准和检出时间不统一的影响; 初中生心理健康问题检出率整体上随年级而增加, 其中焦虑尤为明显; 女生的心理健康问题检出率高于男生, 自杀尤为明显; 中西部地区的初中生比东北和东部地区更容易出现心理健康问题, 尤其是焦虑和自我伤害。未来应立足中国大地研制科学的测量工具和筛查标准并建立心理健康动态监测体系和学校心理健康服务体系。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Greenberg, Clement. Homemade Esthetics: Observations on Art and Taste .
Diderot, Denis. Diderot on Art—I: The Salon of 1765 and Notes on Painting .
Diderot, Denis. Diderot on Art—II: The Salon of 1767 .
Rosen, Charles. Romantic Poets, Critics, and Other Madmen .
Foster, Hal. The Return of the Real .
Wyss, Beat. Hegel's Art History and the Critique of Modernity .
Kemal, Salim, Ivan Gaskell, and Daniel W. Conway, eds. Nietzsche, Philosophy and the Arts .
Kostka, Alexandre, and Ivan Wohlfarth, eds. Nietzsche and "An Architecture of Our Minds."
Benezra, Neal, and Olga Viso, eds. Regarding Beauty: A View of the Late Twentieth Century .
Wartenberg, Thomas E. Unlikely Couples: Movie Romance as Social Criticism .
Bober, Phyllis Pray. Art, Culture and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy .
Marra, Michele, ed. and trans. Modern Japanese Aesthetics: A Reader .
Mitias, Michael, ed. Architecture and Civilization .
Hill, Richard. Designs and Their Consequences .
Leach, Neil. The Anaesthetics of Architecture .
Byrne, Alex, and David R. Hilbert, eds. Readings on Color, Volume 1: The Philosophy of Color .
Byrne, Alex, and David R. Hilbert, eds. Readings on Color, Volume 2: The Science of Color .     

Abstracts

K orner , S. and B rown , G. (1990) Exclusion of children from family psychotherapy: Family therapists' beliefs and practices. Journal of Family Psychology
S charff , J.S. (1989) Play with young children in family therapy: An extension of the therapist's holding capacity. Journal of Psychotherapy and the Family
H alperin , S. M. (1989) A neglected triangle: Grandmother, mother, and daughter. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal
W ojcik , J.V. and I verson , E.R. (1989) Therapeutic letters: The power of the printed word. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies
C assano , D.R. (1989) Multi-family group therapy in social work practice. Social Work with Groups
R oberts , M., C aesar , L., P erryclear , B. and P hillips , D. (1989) Reflecting team consultations. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies
W arner , M.S. (1989) Empathy and strategy in the family system. Person Centered Review
D e B ord , J.B. (1989) Paradoxical interventions: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Counseling and Development
C ole , D.A. and J ordan , A.E. (1989) Assessment of cohesion and adaptability in component family dyads: A question of convergent and discrimimant validity, Journal of Counseling Psychology
M usante , L., T reiber , F.A., S trong , W.B. and L ecy , M. (1990) Individual and cross-spouse correlations of perceptions of family functioning, blood pressure and dimensions of anger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research     

Book Reviews

DALTON, MELVILLE. Men Who Manage .
GINZBERG, ELI, ANDERSON, JAMES K., ET AL. Patterns of Performance .
PACKARD, VANCE. The Status Seekers .
BINGHAM, WALTER VAN DYKE, MOORE, BRUCE VICTOR, with GUSTAD, JOHN W. How to Interview .
CHAPANIS, ALPHONSE. Research Techniques in Human Engineering .
ATTNEAVE, FRED. Applications of Information Theory to Psychology .
HOLT, ROBERT R., AND LUBORSKY, LESTER. Personality Patterns of Psychiatrists: A Study of Methods for Selecting Residents, Volume I , and, Volume II-Supplementary and Supporting Data .
TIFFIN, JOSEPH, AND MCCORMICK, ERNEST J. Industrial Psychology .
CROOK, G. HAMILTON, AND HEINSTEIN, MARTIN. The Older Worker in Industry: A Study of the Attitudes of Industrial Workers Toward Aging and Retirement .
SMITH, LEONARD J. Career Planning .
KARSH, BERNARD. Diary of a Strike .
BECKER, ESTHER R. Dictionary of Personnel and Industrial Relations .     

双内容样例学习的研究及重要启示

文章介绍了单内容样例与双内容样例的划分标准以及双内容样例在知识学习、技能和策略习得中应用研究的进展。作者从中获得启示,提出了根据学习域和示例域知识的熟悉程度组合不同学习难度的双内容样例并考察其学习效果、比较单内容与双内容样例学习效果的实验模式,并提出了双内容样例学习的三种认知加工模式。     

Effect of task, selection set, and dispersion of attention on visual identification time

Schioldborg, P., Paus, E. & Myhre, G. Effect of task, selection set, and dispersion of attention on visual identification time. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 195–198. Letters and digits were presented in rows of one, two, or three, and the time required for identifying their position, colour, class, or names recorded for three subjects. The identification tasks were performed under three different conditions of preparatory set, making use of position, colour, and class as selecting attributes. (1) Under each selection set, only the identification of letters and digits as such required more time with increasing number of items, indicating limiting conditions for a "constancy" model of attention. (2) For all identification tasks, selection procured by class yielded longer identification time than selection by position or colour, suggesting different levels of complexity in information processing. (3) Identification of class under a position set, or position under a class set, required less time than the corresponding combinations with colour in place of position, suggesting that analysis of form and position relate basically to the same processes.     

投稿—基于Stroop效应和SNARC效应的大数量自动加工研究

在数字自动加工研究中,已有研究的实验对象一般局限在小数量数字上,大数量数字加工中是否也存在自动激活现象尚未获得实验证据。本研究以大数量为研究对象,以Stroop效应和SNARC效应为自动加工的指标,实验一发现,无论是数字语义比较还是数字个数比较,都出现了典型的数字Stroop效应;实验二的结果表明,在大数量个数的比较任务中存在SNARC效应和顺序效应。由实验结果初步推断,在大数量加工中也存在无关维度数量信息的自动激活。     

性别、性别角色和性别观念对大学生人格特征的影响

通过对北京市5所大学552名大学生的调查,探讨性别、性别角色类型和性别观念类型对大学生人格特征的影响。结果表明:(1)性别角色和性别观念比生理性别对大学生人格特征的影响更大。(2)双性化大学生具有更多积极的人格特征;传统型大学生具有较高的面子;反传统型大学生具有较高的宜人性和较低的面子;冲突型大学生具有较高的神经质、防御性和较低的宜人性、灵活性;未分化型大学生具有较高的宜人性和较低的神经质。     

The engineer’s moral right to reputational fairness

This essay explores the issue of the moral rights of engineers. An historical case study is presented in which an accomplished, loyal, senior engineer was apparently wronged as a result of actions taken by his employer in pursuit of legitimate business interests. Belief that the engineer was wronged is justified by showing that what happened to him violated what can validly be termed one of his moral rights as an engineer: the right to reputational fairness. It is then argued that, this right notwithstanding, under certain circumstances it is morally permissible for employers to override it. The paper concludes by identifying two complementary facets of this right, discussing its scope, and indicating what is required of employers obliged to respect it in two types of action contexts. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the History of Technology in Washington, D.C. on October 16, 1993. I am indebted to Stephanie J. Bird, Taft Broome, Deborah Johnson, Carl Mitcham, Walter Vincenti, Vivian Weil, and Caroline Whitbeck for helpful critical comments. Professor of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management and, by courtesy, of Civil Engineering, and in the Program in Science, Technology, and Society, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305-2120.     

The word and us: Implications of linguistic design for subjective experience and for the experience of subjectivity

As language evolved in the history of civilization, a verbal form of communication became not only possible but prevalent. Inherent in the linguistic communication system is symbolization, the representation, by means of words, of what exists or occurs.The subject addressed in the present work involves the implications of the linguistic symbol system, first, for the subjective experiences of emotion and consciousness, and second, for the experience of subjectivity, that is, the experience of being somebody psychologically. Further considerations are those regarding solutions to the psychological consequences of verbal symbolization.In the process of sorting out issues and avenues of approach to the subjects mentioned, the thought occurred that I and myself and me were taking a journey into the field of language, in order to find out whatthe word might mean forus. This thought is reflected in the main title of this paper.Francina Middelman, M.D., is a retired (September 1984) psychiatrist. She received her medical education at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and her psychiatric training in the Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati. Her last position was that of medical director, Athens Mental Health Center, Athens, Ohio.     

Theology for the Life of the World

The purpose of theology is to discern, articulate, commend, and embody visions of flourishing life in light of the self-revelation of God in the life, death, resurrection, exaltation, and coming-in-glory of Jesus Christ. This purpose of theology is timeless, but its articulation at this time has a particular shape to it. Aspects of this shape are sketched in light of a number of contemporary material and intellectual contexts. Material contexts include growing economic disparities, ecological crisis, displacement of peoples, and the social fact of pluralism. Intellectual contexts include the dominance of instrumental reason, of negation, and of whiteness.     

Religious Implications of Western Personality Theory

The purpose of this article is to outline some of the religious implications of Western personality theory. It begins with broad comments about the general theoretical tradition of the West, especially of secular disciplines such as psychology. Next, it sketches briefly the religious implications of many aspects of the three forces of psychology, i.e., psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism, with special emphasis on some of the more classical theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Carl Rogers, and George Kelly. Lastly, it paints some broad-brush strokes regarding alternatives to these three forces, specifically, two types of postmodern understandings of religious persons and their contexts, social constructionism and hermeneutics.     

Supervenience and causal necessity

Causal necessity typically receives only oblique attention. Causal relations, laws of nature, counterfactual conditionals, or dispositions are usually the immediate subject(s) of interest. All of these, however, have a common feature. In some way, they involve the causal modality, some form of natural or physical necessity. In this paper, causal necessity is discussed with the purpose of determining whether a completely general empiricist theory can account for the causal in terms of the noncausal. Based on an examination of causal relations, laws of nature, counterfactual conditionals, and dispositions, it is argued that no reductive program devoid of essentialist commitments can account for all the phenomena that involve causal necessity. Hence, neo-Humean empiricism fails to provide a framework adequate for understanding causal necessity.I am grateful to D. M. Armstrong, Ellery Eels, Kit Fine, Philip Quinn, Elliot Sober, Chris Swoyer, Bas van Fraassen, and an anonymous Synthese referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.     

人格维度、自我和谐及行为抑制与心身症状的关系

研究旨在通过实证研究建立人格维度、自我和谐、行为抑制和心身症状之间关系的结构方程模型。对600余名被试问卷测量的相关、回归和结构方程模型分析表明,人格维度可以直接和/或通过行为抑制和自我和谐对心身症状有着正向或负向的预测作用,而且自我与经验的不和谐、行为抑制和心身症状本身都可以作为心理健康的指标,它们之间又存在密切的相互关系     

Similarity of anthropometric measures for male ultra-triathletes and ultra-runners

Previous research concluded that Triple Iron ultra-triathletes were close to runners in anthropometry. We assessed similarities in anthropometry between 64 Triple Iron triathletes who competed over 11.4 km swimming, 540 km cycling, and 126 km running versus 95 100-km ultra-marathoners. Variables of anthropometry such as body mass, body height, length and circumferences of limbs, skin-folds and body fat, and training such as volume and speed were compared between ultra-triathletes and ultra-runners. The Triple Iron triathletes completed their race distance within 2811 min. (SD=379) and the 100-km ultra-marathoners within 691 min. (SD=117). Triathletes were younger, had higher body mass, shorter legs, higher circumference of upper arm and thigh, lower sum of skin-folds, and lower percent body fat compared to runners. Weekly training volume was higher for triathletes, and weekly hours in running and weekly kilometres in running were higher for runners. In the Triple Iron ultra-triathletes, the sum of eight skin-folds correlated to total race time. The circumference of upper arm, the sum of eight skin-folds, and percent body fat correlated with time in the running section .42, .47, and .43, respectively. In the 100-km ultra-marathoners, the sum of eight skin-folds, the skin-fold thickness of thigh, percent body fat, weekly running hours, and weekly running kilometres correlated with race time .55, .40, .56, -.50, and -.51, respectively. However, in the triathletes, none of these training variables was significantly correlated with race time. In the ultra-marathoners, the sum of eight skin-folds, the skin-fold thickness of thigh, percent body fat, weekly running kilometres, and speed in running during training were related to race time (correlations of .55, .40, -.28, and -.51, respectively). Overall, the ultra-triathletes were not similar to ultra-runners in their anthropometric measures and training variables.     

Let me guess how old you are: effects of age, gender, and facial expression on perceptions of age

Perceptions of age influence how we evaluate, approach, and interact with other people. Based on a paramorphic human judgment model, the present study investigates possible determinants of accuracy and bias in age estimation across the adult life span. For this purpose, 154 young, middle-aged, and older participants of both genders estimated the age of 171 faces of young, middle-aged, and older men and women, portrayed on a total of 2,052 photographs. Each face displayed either an angry, fearful, disgusted, happy, sad, or neutral expression (FACES database; Ebner, Riediger, & Lindenberger, 2010). We found that age estimation ability decreased with age. Older and young adults, however, were more accurate and less biased in estimating the age of members of their own as compared with those of the other age group. In contrast, no reliable own-gender advantage was observed. Generally, the age of older faces was more difficult to estimate than the age of younger faces. Furthermore, facial expressions had a substantial impact on accuracy and bias of age estimation. Relative to other facial expressions, the age of neutral faces was estimated most accurately, while the age of faces displaying happy expressions was most likely underestimated. Results are discussed in terms of methodological and practical implications for research on age estimation.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed:
Kalsched, Donald, The Inner World of Trauma: Archetypal Defenses of the Personal Spirit.
Von Franz, Marie-Louise. The Cat: A Tale of Feminine Redemption.
Vedfelt, Ole, The Dimensions of Dreams: The Nature, Function, and Interpretation of Dreams.
Spiegelman, J. M, Psychology and Religion at the Millennium and Beyond.
Waddell, Margot, Inside Lives, Psychoanalysis and the Growth of the Personality.     

An Introduction to the Art. Review of Nonlinear Dynamics: Techniques and Applications in Psychology, by R. H. Heath

Richard Heath is a professor in the Discipline of Psychology at the University of Sunderland, England. He obtained his B.Sc. (Hons.) at the University of Newcastle, Australia in 1970 and a Ph.D. in psychology as a Commonwealth Scholar with Professor Stephen Link at McMaster University, Canada, in 1976. Heath's research has emphasized the role of new mathematical and computational techniques to the study and modeling of complex and nonlinear aspects of cognition. His experimental work has examined signal detection, categorization, memory, fatigue, handwriting, and the detection of behavior change. He has also developed nonlinear system identification models of attention and interference, nonstationary versions of the random walk model of choice response time, and adaptive, novelty sensitive models of human memory.Andrew Heathcote is an associate professor in the School of Behavioural Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia. He obtained a B.Sc. (Hons.) at the University of Tasmania in 1984 and a Ph.D. in psychology as a Commonwealth Scholar with Professor D. Mewhort at Queen's University, Canada, in 1991. His research interests include nonlinear analysis and modeling of response time, skill acquisition, and recognition memory.     

It’s More than Just a Big Dick: Desires,Experiences, and How Male Escorts Satisfy Their Customers

The scholarly literature is replete with studies of female prostitutes, their customers, prostitution dynamics, and understandings of the how, where, when, how much, and why of such interactions. However, male escorts is lacking. Based on content analysis of the online reviews of 627 male escorts, this study examines the experiences and perspectives of men who locate, contact, and purchase the time and services of male escorts. Findings reveal that sexual services and sexual skills are only one aspect on which male escorts are assessed. Also, and sometimes more important, are issues of intimacy, social interactions, and personality.