易学哲学视域中“神”的诸种诠释

"神"是易学哲学论域的重要概念之一,神论是中国传统儒学天人之学内核的一部分。对易学哲学史中"神"之诠释的系统研究,一方面可以呈现易学哲学的发展,另一方面有助于深入理解天人之学中关于本体的思想。分疏而言,关于"神"的关键解释包括九种类型:一是《易传》以神为本体的思想,二是王弼、韩康伯、孔颖达基于"贵无论"的神论思想,三是邵雍先天本体之神的思想,四是张载气本论视域中本体之神和圣人之神的思想,五是程朱理本论视域中以"用"为主的神论思想,六是罗钦顺理学强调神为气之神、属于形下之"用"的神论思想,七是王夫之易学关于"神理"的重要思想,八是戴震"一本之学"视域中神为气化之神且有"理"的思想,九是牟宗三基于"道德的形上学"提出的神有神体之神和气化之神的思想。这九种解释共同呈现了易学哲学史中神论的发展和深化。     

道教"守一"修持法之源起及其演变

"守一"之说源自<老子·十章>的"载营魄抱一",是指专注于内在之魂魄,使形体不离,与道相合为一.到了汉末六朝,以"守一"来做为修仙养生之法,而所守者,则为三丹田的三一,头部九宫的雄一、雌一,以及守身中诸神徊风混合的帝一.到了唐宋以后,更由于内丹修炼之盛行,因而也有人将内丹修炼之方式,引入"守一"中,于是守一即是炼化精、气、神,使三者合一.     

从《易传》"神"对"阴阳"的超越看其德性领域开启的必然性

本文从<周易>的占筮功能出发,认为阴阳观念表达了一个限定性含义,从而使阴阳所范围的一切对象具有了非自在的性质,而这之中的例外就是"神"."神"在<易传>中既是一个客观的自在之物,同时又具有主体意义.从作为客观的自在之物的"神"转化为主体意义下的"神",必须通过道德践履;而道德践履所以可能,正在于"神"的保障.这样一个双向过程正是<易传>本体论和工夫论合一的德性领域的开启过程.     

内丹学的修持法诀举要

王重阳的丹诗《四得颂》,揭示丹道的入手要诀和诸家丹法的基本修炼程序。《四得颂》诗云:得汞阴消尽,得铅阳自团,得命颠倒至,得性见金丹。首先讲"得汞阴消尽"一句,汞属离(),为火,乃心中阴精,又称木液、青龙髓,即人之元神。元神为先天之神,识神为后天之神;先天     

宗教变得"以人为本"了

这个题目看似有些多余,其实并不多余。因为宗教的核心是崇拜,表现出来的就是一种在精神层面上的信仰。既有信仰就必有崇拜的对象,于是那些具有超自然位格的对象被奉为神明,人们将他们供在寺堂庙观里,由此,神与人之间的沟通,需要的是介于两者之间的神职人员,如教会的僧侣、祭司,或者是通过阅读经典,参加仪式节日等形式来完成其过程的。神在宗教中是至高无上的力量,是人们追求或效仿并为之献身的超自然的存在,它不可缺少,又无处不在,于是宗教也就往往变成了"以神为本"的事物。这个"以神为本"成为世界古代宗教的表征之一,只是在佛道教当中能够找到某些例外。     

超上之美:徐梵澄先生艺术观初探

从徐梵澄先生年轻时的木刻,到中年时的中国画论评介,再到壮年时的阿罗频多《社会进化论》的翻译,后到老年时的罗丹雕塑艺术之鉴赏,可见有一条艺术观的隐然线索,即他从"舍貌取神"和"气韵生动"的追求,引伸至"灵感之明"和"情心之诚"的把握,确已入乎了精神哲学的畛域。在"超心思知觉性"中,"美"与"真""善"为一体为光明,于韦檀多哲学则属"阿难陀"(福乐)之境;在"心思知觉性"(理智)中,"美"为一纯形式的大观,属"向上大过程的一个侧面";在"下心思知觉性"(本能)中,"美"为"生气""生命力"。这三境是自上而下、自下而上的"知觉性"之贯通。"心思知觉性"不是目的地,而是一必要的中介,于上它接受"灵感",于下它净化"生气",从之使吾人的鉴赏力在有限的自体内达求超上的主观之"明"。这"明"亦是"普遍的历史的观念"(康德),即"辩证直觉之具体解悟"(牟宗三),它可以把知觉性发舒到前方,而前方的事件则是人们的"未来记忆",这就是天人师或圣人们的先"知"先"觉"之"艺术"的人格与能力。在我们眼里,这"艺术的人格与能力",属于"超上之美"的境域。     

绝地天通--天地人神的原始本真关系的蜕变

在中国思想观念发展的历史上,有一次极重大的事件,天、地得以隔绝,人、神得以分离,谓之"绝地天通".<尚书孔氏传>说:"帝命羲、和世掌天、地四时之官,使人、神不扰,各得其序,是谓‘绝地天通'."[1]按照传统的说法,"绝地天通"乃是尧舜的伟大业绩,人心得以矫正,礼制得以建立.如蔡沈说:"当三苗昏虐,民之得罪者莫知其端,无所控诉,相与听于神,祭非其鬼,天地人神之典杂揉渎乱,此妖诞之所以兴,人心之所以不正也.在舜当务之急,莫先于正人心.首命重、黎,修明祀典;天子然后祭天地,诸侯然后祭山川;高卑上下,各有分限."[2]因此,"绝地天通"从来都是被作为正面事件、圣人的丰功伟绩来歌颂的.     

韵外之致 味外之旨——浅析山水画的意境美

意境是一种美学范畴,而中国山水画的意境,是超越了文字、线条、色彩之外而传达出来的一种"神",其中包含了经过主观情感折射之神,甚至会成为完全的主观之神。这种神能给人以审美快感。山水画意境的产生,要画家悟道,必须"物我神游"忘形于身外。将其付诸笔端,意境就产生了,这时的山水画,既体现了玄学的玄,又开拓了美学的美。     

"理学"、"天学"之间--论晚明士大夫与传教士"会通中西"之哲学深意(上)

本文从考辨"西学"原型、追寻晚明士大夫与传教士"会通中西"之哲学深意上立说,运用概念辨析与历史重构相结合的哲学史方法,分析论证了晚明新起的学术思潮,及"预流"于其中的"少数创造者"士大夫与传教士群体之学术旨趣及其"近代"意义.认为:晚明以利玛窦为代表的欧洲传教士输入的"西学"原型,是以"天学"为核心的亦宗教亦哲学、亦政治、亦科技的复合体;以李贽、焦竑为代表的"三教归一"论和以徐光启、王徵为代表的"中西会通"论,这两股学术思潮共同导致了晚明王朝的理论危机;利玛窦立足于"天学"的宗教立场,徐光启立足于"理学"之哲学立场,共同确立了"易佛补儒"的"中国式"传教总策略,利本想依此进入中国士大夫上层社会以传播福音,徐本想依此恢复"朱学正脉",以挽救王学末流丧失儒家经学支柱之危机,结果却因意想不到的宗教角色向学术角色的转换,造成了千载难逢的"中西会通"之历史机遇,出现了"会通中西"之大量科技成果.<畏天爱人极论>是泾阳王徵的哲学创作,它是以"理学"会通"天学"的神哲学范例,其价值不在科技著作之下.     

庄子个体思想意蕴探赜——以"精神个体"为视角

庄子个体思想重在精神自足中以达永恒精神价值,此落实在"精神个体"处加以展开,"精神个体"则通过"精""神""精神""自""我""吾""独"等概念呈现."精"之动通过"精神个体"之间的辩难得以体现,"精神"是"神"落实与细化到"精神个体"领域的显现."我"表达的是一种身份的认同,庄子进一步指出之所以有"我""吾"的区分,...     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.