The Bursts and Lulls of Multimodal Interaction: Temporal Distributions of Behavior Reveal Differences Between Verbal and Non‐Verbal Communication

Recent studies of naturalistic face‐to‐face communication have demonstrated coordination patterns such as the temporal matching of verbal and non‐verbal behavior, which provides evidence for the proposal that verbal and non‐verbal communicative control derives from one system. In this study, we argue that the observed relationship between verbal and non‐verbal behaviors depends on the level of analysis. In a reanalysis of a corpus of naturalistic multimodal communication (Louwerse, Dale, Bard, & Jeuniaux, 2012 ), we focus on measuring the temporal patterns of specific communicative behaviors in terms of their burstiness. We examined burstiness estimates across different roles of the speaker and different communicative modalities. We observed more burstiness for verbal versus non‐verbal channels, and for more versus less informative language subchannels. Using this new method for analyzing temporal patterns in communicative behaviors, we show that there is a complex relationship between verbal and non‐verbal channels. We propose a “temporal heterogeneity” hypothesis to explain how the language system adapts to the demands of dialog.     

Convergences with behavior analysis: Recommendations from the rhetoric of inquiry

This analysis speculates on reasons why behavior analysis has not had the professional impact it desires, and suggests that increased contact with non-behavior-analytic research traditions and increased research in the area of verbal behavior may reverse the profession's fortunes. Behaviorists have accured a number of advantages from constituting themselves as a separate school in psychology. Nonetheless, school status can lead to isolation from other research traditions and can restrict communicative encounters with outside scholars to efforts to attack their research programs and defend one's own. Efforts to counteract these tendencies should help bring behavior analysis into the mainstream of contemporary social science research. In addition, if behavior analysts reconsider some of their assumptions about verbal and nonverbal behaviors and some of their methodological assumptions about how verbal behavior is to be studied, and if they place verbal behavior research on center stage, they may make substantive contributions to the contemporary multidisciplinary study of language.     

Limiting the use of verbal coding in the Visual Patterns Test

The aims of the study were to assess the availability of verbal coding and its effect on performance in a standard visual matrix task, the Visual Patterns Test (VPT). In a pilot study, participants were presented with the patterns from the VPT and were asked to name the shapes within them. Availability of verbal codes was low overall; however, some patterns resulted in a higher mean number of labels than others. A modified version of the test was created from those patterns that had produced the lowest mean number of labels. A total of 60 participants then took part in an experimental study, which was carried out to assess whether or not the availability of verbal coding affects task performance. It was found that the modified version resulted in a lower visual working-memory span than that of another version in which the availability of verbal coding was higher. The study confirmed that verbal coding does influence visual matrix task performance; however, the modified version now offers a selection of patterns from the VPT where verbal coding has been limited.     

Limiting the use of verbal coding in the Visual Patterns Test

The aims of the study were to assess the availability of verbal coding and its effect on performance in a standard visual matrix task, the Visual Patterns Test (VPT). In a pilot study, participants were presented with the patterns from the VPT and were asked to name the shapes within them. Availability of verbal codes was low overall; however, some patterns resulted in a higher mean number of labels than others. A modified version of the test was created from those patterns that had produced the lowest mean number of labels. A total of 60 participants then took part in an experimental study, which was carried out to assess whether or not the availability of verbal coding affects task performance. It was found that the modified version resulted in a lower visual working-memory span than that of another version in which the availability of verbal coding was higher. The study confirmed that verbal coding does influence visual matrix task performance; however, the modified version now offers a selection of patterns from the VPT where verbal coding has been limited.     

Fingerprint recognition system based on modified multi-connect architecture (MMCA)

Fingerprinting is the most widely used and recognised biometric technology for human authentication. Fingerprint authentication has a proven record as highly secure and convenient as compared to passwords. Hence, fingerprint sensing has come to berecognized as a common and product-differentiating feature in smartphones, tablets and PCs. This paper proposes to develop a Fingerprint recognition system for authentication of personsby using a new technique, termed as ‘associative memory with modify multi-connect architecture’. This, in turn, may pave the way to develop more efficient Fingerprint systemshaving accuracy and lesserprocessing time. Further, with application of additional tranches of associative memory, such systems in the future will acquirepotential to perform highly complex operations and save memory. In this paper, three databases viz., FVC (2004) database, internal database and International NIST database 4 are used. FVC (2004) database contains 640 fingerprint patterns, while internal database contains 2500 different fingerprint patterns; and the International NIST database 4 consists of 2000 pairs of fingerprint patterns. The proposed fingerprint recognition system has an average accuracy of 99.56% and a pattern recognition processing time of approximately 30 s.     

Introduction: Narratives in Ethics of Education

In introducing the works included in this special issue, this essay identifies some general ways that these and other narratives can function in ethical explorations in the field of education. The essay not only articulates ways that narratives can be useful to education scholars, but it also provides pedagogical reasons to connect stories with ethics in classrooms. It concludes with a brief nod to the dangers that Plato, contemporary scholars and teachers have about combining narratives with ethical inquiry, and touches upon some ways to temper them.     

Hope and Possibility: Advancing an Argument for a Habermasian Perspective in Educational Administration

The emergence of postmodernism has stimulateddiscourse on the potential for using reason tocreate a just society. The discourse hascaused confusion and dissension in the field ofeducational administration as scholars seek tofind a means to blend concepts inherent in themodern and postmodern. The works of JürgenHabermas provide a means of dealing with thisdilemma and have some specific applications tothe practice of educational administration.     

Testing the Role of Verbal Narration in Implicit Theory of Mind Tasks

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute mental states to agents, has usually been measured with explicit verbal tasks and found to develop slowly during the preschool years. New implicit ToM measures have lately revolutionized the field by suggesting that ToM may be present much earlier in development. However, recent replication studies of implicit ToM present a complex pattern of failed, partial and successful attempts. The big challenge is to identify an underlying system to this pattern that can explain why some tasks replicate while others do not. The rationale of the present study was to address this challenge by investigating one potential factor that may explain patterns of (non-)replications of implicit measures, namely elements of verbal narration in anticipatory looking tasks. Sixty-seven 4- to 5-year-old children completed modified versions of two different anticipatory looking implicit false belief tasks which recently proved difficult to replicate. The main modification was that verbal narration was added to the original stimulus videos. Results revealed that original looking patterns could still not be replicated. There was no improvement in one task, while a slight improvement was observed in the other task. In conclusion, adding verbal narration does not necessarily improve the replicability of anticipatory ToM tasks, suggesting either that these measures might not be sufficiently sensitive to tap implicit ToM, or that other factors are crucial for successful replications.     

The sacred,the holy,the numinous – and religion: on the emergence and early history of a terminological constellation

ABSTRACT

At the turn of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, the sacred (Durkheim, Mauss, Callois), holiness/the holy (Söderblom, Otto) and the numinous (Otto) emerged as key terms in the nascent field of religious studies. These terms set up a discursive space for the study of religion that acknowledged its reality and relevance for modern societies and individuals, but that proceeded independent of confessional theologies and sought to transcend Western-Christian ethnocentrism. By providing a close reading of the works of the above-mentioned scholars, in particular Durkheim, this article revisits the emergence of these terms. In particular, it looks at the different ways in which the sacred, the holy and the numinous were related to religion. The article discusses some differences between the scholars of the sacred and the scholars of the holy in terms of their agendas, aims, and preconditions.     

读《经义述闻·周易》“繻有衣袽”条小识

王引之《易》学论著,今下所见以《经义述闻》卷1、2所载106条最为完整,其校释古义,旁征博引,辞旨明确,多有发明,后世学者,莫不奉为典要,推崇备至。今谨就《经义述闻·周易》"繻有衣袽"条之异说,略陈管见,冀于《周易》之经义研究,有小补焉。     

Emergent verbal behavior and analogy: skinnerian and linguistic approaches

The production of verbal operants not previously taught is an important aspect of language productivity. For Skinner, new mands, tacts, and autoclitics result from the recombination of verbal operants. The relation between these mands, tacts, and autoclitics is what linguists call analogy, a grammatical pattern that serves as a foundation on which a speaker might emit new linguistic forms. Analogy appears in linguistics as a regularity principle that characterizes language and has been related to how languages change and also to creativity. The approaches of neogrammarians like Hermann Paul, as well as those of Jespersen and Bloomfield, appear to have influenced Skinner's understanding of verbal creativity. Generalization and stimulus equivalence are behavioral processes related to the generative grammatical behavior described in the analogy model. Linguistic forms and grammatical patterns described in analogy are part of the contingencies of reinforcement that produce generalization and stimulus equivalence. The analysis of verbal behavior needs linguistic analyses of the constituents of linguistic forms and their combination patterns.     

True Simplicity

ABSTRACT

The goal of this bibliography is to present a carefully selected bibliography of source material designed to introduce both scholars and casual researchers to all facets of the Shaker experience. Following the examination of a broad array of reference works, monographs, journal articles, and Websites which discuss the Shakers, a subset of high-quality works was selected to represent the history, culture, theology, and art of this important American religious movement. This bibliography can serve as a gateway into the Shaker universe for researchers while also assisting librarians interested in building a collection of Shaker-related materials. Popular and scholarly interest in the Shakers continues to grow even as the movement itself slowly disappears from the scene. This bibliography makes a unique contribution by guiding readers to the best sources on all aspects of Shakerism, not just their history and beliefs but also the architecture and handcrafts that have proven so inspirational to contemporary American art. The curious can start by exploring the reference works included here, while scholars can use the handpicked scholarly works as a foundation for further research.     

From criticism to approval: A reconsideration of Ji’s Yogācāra position on Madhyamaka

Madhyamaka and Yogācāra are two Mahāyāna schools which have distinct systems. In the seventh century East Asia, the doctrinal distinction between the two schools was received as doctrinal contrast in the polemic circumstance of Emptiness-Existence (C. kongyou 空有) controversy. In this context, Ji 基 (632–682), the putative founder of East Asian Yogācāra school, has been normally considered by scholars to have advocated ‘Existence’ (viz., Yogācāra) in opposition to ‘Emptiness’ (viz., Madhyamaka). It is problematic, however, to brand Ji’s Yogācāra position simply as anti-Madhyamaka. Although Ji evidently expresses evident criticism on such a Madhyamaka exegete as Bhāvaviveka (ca. 500–570) in some of his works, he also describes Bhāvaviveka in an amicable or even respective way in other works. By analyzing Ji’s extant works, this article argues that Ji’s scholastic attitude toward Madhyamaka changed from criticism to approval.     

Idealism and Yogacara Buddhism

Over the last several years, there has been a growing controversy about whether Yogacara Buddhism can be said to be idealist in some sense, as used to be commonly thought by earlier scholars. In this paper, I first clarify the different senses of idealism that might be pertinent to the debate. I then focus on some of the works of Vasubandhu, limiting myself to his Vimsatika, Trimsika, and Trisvabhavanirdesa. I argue that classical Yogacara Buddhism, at least as found in these works of Vasubandhu, is closer to epistemic rather than metaphysical idealism or absolute idealism, as I understand these. However, there are undoubtedly some important differences between Vasubandhu's Yogacara and Western epistemic idealism that cast doubt on the idea that Yogacara is simply to be lumped together with Western epistemic idealism.     

THE EFFECTS OF FEMINIST SCHOLARSHIP ON DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

The present article examines some of the ways in which feminist scholarship has helped shape developmental psychology, particularly the study of child development. Three main influences are discussed. (a) Feminist scholars have helped break the "male-as-norm" tradition. Toward this end, feminists have encouraged the valuing of females, the recognition that fewer sex differences exist than had previously been asserted by society at large, and the understanding that many sex differences that do exist are caused by the different socialization patterns of girls and boys. (b) Feminist scholarship has helped lessen "mother blaming" in accounting for children's behavior. The entire social world of the child (including fathers, peers, siblings, schools, grandparents, daycare, etc.) and biological makeup and predispositions are now all recognized as important influences on children's behavior. Finally, (c) feminist scholars have helped reconceptualize children's gender–role socialization. This has been done both by reinterpreting existing theories of gender–role socialization and by developing new theories.     

The Artifact and Humanism in Medieval Jewish Thought

Writing and reading history increased in popularity in the age of Renaissance humanism, particularly in sixteenth-century Italy. Humanists focused principally on literary works, but some also studied material culture. Artifacts provided a new avenue for recovering classical civilization, and some humanists saw them as more reliable than written documents. This article demonstrates that Jewish thinkers of the age of humanism echoed the new enthusiasm for the artifact. Further, Hebrew sources show that interest in the artifact had medieval antecedents, which has also been attested among Christian thinkers of the Middle Ages. The final section further problematizes the significance of the humanist phase by positing a link between interest in artifacts and in other concrete elements of ancient life, as expressed in the writings of several medieval Jewish scholars. These sources deploy empirical knowledge obtained directly and indirectly to enhance understanding of the ancient world. Nevertheless, this method offered no safeguard from anachronism, to which scholars continued to fall victim.     

CHANGING LANDSCAPE IN SCIENCE-RELIGION DIALOGUES

One peculiarity of the broad theme of science-religion dialogues is that while it has been growing significantly, it seems to be moving farther and farther away from its goal of establishing bridges and understandings between the two enterprises. This essay explores this unhappy situation, with particular reference to the works of two scholars who have been critical of some of the pioneer theologians and have suggested some radically new approaches to the issues.     

音乐经验对言语加工能力的促进作用

以初中二年级的学生为考察对象,探讨了音乐经验对不同层次的言语加工能力的促进作用,发现：在声音信号的加工层面,音乐经验对音高和时长信息感知能力的发展都有积极的促进作用;在语音意识层面,音乐经验的促进作用只局限于声调意识;在言语记忆方面,音乐经验可以促进言语材料在长时记忆中的保持。