双通道分配性注意对视听觉返回抑制的影响

本研究基于线索-靶子范式, 操纵目标刺激类型(视觉、听觉、视听觉)与线索有效性(有效线索、中性条件、无效线索)两个自变量, 通过3个实验来考察双通道分配性注意对视听觉返回抑制(inhibition of return, IOR)的影响。实验1 (听觉刺激呈现在左/右侧)结果发现, 在双通道分配性注意条件下, 视觉目标产生显著IOR效应, 而视听觉目标没有产生IOR效应; 实验2 (听觉刺激呈现在左/右侧)与实验3 (听觉刺激呈现在中央)结果发现, 在视觉通道选择性注意条件下, 视觉与视听觉目标均产生显著IOR效应但二者无显著差异。结果表明：双通道分配性注意减弱视听觉IOR效应。     

内源性空间线索有效性对视听觉整合的影响

采用内源性线索-靶子范式, 操纵线索类型(有效线索、无效线索)和靶刺激通道类型(视觉刺激、听觉刺激、视听觉刺激)两个自变量, 通过两个实验, 分别设置50%和80%两种内源性空间线索有效性来考察不同空间线索有效性条件下内源性空间注意对视听觉整合的影响。结果发现, 当线索有效性为50%时(实验1), 有效线索位置和无效线索位置的视听觉整合效应没有显著差异; 当线索有效性为80%时(实验2), 有效线索位置的视听觉整合效应显著大于无效线索位置的视听觉整合效应。结果表明, 线索有效性不同时, 内源性空间注意对视听觉整合产生了不同的影响, 高线索有效性条件下内源性空间注意能够促进视听觉整合效应。     

不同SOA下视觉返回抑制对视听觉整合的调节作用

基于外源性线索-靶子范式, 采用2(线索-靶子间隔时间, stimulus onset asynchronies, SOA：400~600 ms、1000~1200 ms) × 3(目标刺激类型：视觉、听觉、视听觉) × 2(线索有效性：有效线索、无效线索)的被试内实验设计, 要求被试对目标刺激完成检测任务, 以考察视觉线索诱发的返回抑制(inhibition of return, IOR)对视听觉整合的调节作用, 从而为感知觉敏感度、空间不确定性及感觉通道间信号强度差异假说提供实验证据。结果发现：(1) 随SOA增长, 视觉IOR效应显著降低, 视听觉整合效应显著增强; (2) 短SOA (400~600 ms)时, 有效线索位置上的视听觉整合效应显著小于无效线索位置, 但长SOA (1000~1200 ms)时, 有效与无效线索位置上的视听觉整合效应并无显著差异。结果表明, 在不同SOA条件下, 视觉IOR对视听觉整合的调节作用产生变化, 当前结果支持感觉通道间信号强度差异假说。     

内外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的影响

本文采用内-外源性空间线索靶子范式, 操控内源性线索有效性(有效线索、无效线索)、外源性线索有效性(有效线索、无效线索)、目标刺激类型(视觉刺激、听觉刺激、视听觉刺激)三个自变量。通过两个不同任务难度的实验(实验1: 简单定位任务; 实验2: 复杂辨别任务)来考察内外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的影响。两个实验结果均发现外源性空间注意显著减弱了多感觉整合效应, 内源性空间注意没有显著增强多感觉整合效应; 实验2中还发现了内源性空间注意会对外源性空间注意减弱多感觉整合效应产生影响。结果表明, 与内源性空间注意不同, 外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的影响不易受任务难度的调控; 当任务较难时内源性空间注意会影响外源性空间注意减弱多感觉整合效应的过程。由此推测, 内外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的调节并非彼此独立、而是相互影响的。     

注意对视听语义整合加工的影响

采用2×3的被试内实验设计,将注意条件和目标刺激类型作为实验变量,考察了指向不同感觉通道的注意对视听语义整合加工的不同影响。结果发现,只有在同时注意视觉和听觉刺激时,被试对语义一致的视听刺激反应最快,即产生冗余信号效应。而在选择性注意一个感觉通道时,语义一致的视听刺激并不具有加工优势。进一步分析发现,在同时注意视觉和听觉时语义一致视听刺激的加工优势源自于其视觉和听觉成分产生了整合。也就是说,只有在同时注意视觉和听觉时,语义一致视听刺激才会产生整合,语义不一致视听刺激不会产生整合。而在选择性注意一个感觉通道时,不论语义是否一致,视听刺激均不会产生整合。     

选择性注意和分配性注意对多感觉整合的不同影响*

以简单图形为视觉刺激,以短纯音作为听觉刺激,通过指导被试注意不同通道（注意视觉、注意听觉、注意视听）以形成不同注意状态（选择性注意和分配性注意）,考察了注意对多感觉整合的影响,发现只有在分配性注意时被试对双通道目标的反应最快最准确。通过竞争模型分析发现,这种对双通道目标的加工优势源自于视听双通道刺激的整合。上述结果表明,只有在分配性注意状态下才会产生多感觉整合。     

内源性注意与外源性注意的跨通道比较

该研究利用空间线索技术的实验模式,考察跨视觉和听觉通道的内源性选择注意与外源性选择性注意的相互关系。实验结果表明：(1)听觉中央线索在较长的SOA(至少500毫秒)条件下,可以引导内源性空间选择性注意;同时外周线索突现也能自动化地吸引部分注意资源。(2)听觉和视觉选择注意是分离的加工通道,但二者之间存在相互联系。     

跨通道的内源性选择注意

该实验利用空间线索技术研究跨视觉和听觉通道的内源性选择性注意,实验结果表明视觉中央线索能可靠地引导出内源性视觉选择性注意,听觉中央线索在较长的ＳＯＡ（至少５００ｍｓ）条件下也能引导出内源性视觉选择性注意,支持视觉和听觉具有特异性的注意加工通道,但两者之间存在相互连接的假说。     

内源性空间线索有效性对老年人视听觉整合的影响

视听觉整合是将视觉和听觉信息整合成为统一、连贯且稳定的知觉过程。研究采用内源性线索-靶子范式,探讨了不同内源性空间线索有效性对老年人视听觉整合的影响,以及不同线索有效性条件下老年人和青年人视听觉整合的差异。结果表明,(1)无论线索有效性的高低,老年人的视听觉整合均弱于青年人;(2)低线索有效性(50%)条件下,老年人和青年人在有效线索条件下视听觉整合效应均与无效线索条件下没有差异;(3)中线索有效性(70%)条件下,老年人在有效线索条件下视听觉整合效应与无效线索条件下没有差异,青年人在有效线索条件下视听觉整合效应显著高于无效线索条件;(4)高线索有效性(90%)条件下,老年人和青年人在有效线索条件下视听觉整合效应均显著高于无效线索条件。研究结果支持了空间不确定性假说,并且进一步揭示了内源性注意与视听觉整合的交互作用,明确了不同线索有效性条件下内源性空间注意定向收益的不同是导致老年人与青年人视听觉整合差异的原因之一。     

知觉负载和线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响

采用线索范式,以汉语双字词为材料,探讨了不同工作记忆负荷条件下知觉负载、线索位置对视觉选择性注意的影响.结果表明:(1)线索位置影响被试对目标的加工,前线索条件下被试对目标的加工更为精细;(2)知觉负载对选择性注意的影响受到工作记忆的调节.高工作记忆负荷条件下,高知觉负载条件下的反应时显著短于低知觉负载条件;而在低工作记忆负荷条件下,不同知觉负载条件下的反应时差异不显著.     

Multisensory integration affects visuo-spatial working memory

In the present study, we investigate how spatial attention, driven by unisensory and multisensory cues, can bias the access of information into visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM). In a series of four experiments, we compared the effectiveness of spatially-nonpredictive visual, auditory, or audiovisual cues in capturing participants' spatial attention towards a location where to-be-remembered visual stimuli were or were not presented (cued/uncued trials, respectively). The results suggest that the effect of peripheral visual cues in biasing the access of information into VSWM depend on the size of the attentional focus, while auditory cues did not have direct effects in biasing VSWM. Finally, spatially congruent multisensory cues showed an enlarged attentional effect in VSWM as compared to unimodal visual cues, as a likely consequence of multisensory integration. This latter result sheds new light on the interplay between spatial attention and VSWM, pointing to the special role exerted by multisensory (audiovisual) cues.     

集中和分散注意对多感觉整合中听觉主导效应的影响

听觉主导效应是指多感觉通道信息整合过程中,听觉通道中的信息得到优先加工,从而主导其他感觉通道的信息。研究采用经典的声音诱发闪光错觉的范式,通过两个实验操纵了注意资源的分配方式以及实验任务难度,考察了主动注意听觉通道的声音刺激对声音诱发闪光错觉产生的影响,以及任务难度对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响。结果发现:(1)裂变错觉会受到注意资源分配程度的影响,但是融合错觉则不然;(2)任务难度既不会影响裂变错觉,也不会影响融合错觉。说明了分散注意能够影响听觉主导效应中的裂变错觉,并且这种主导效应与任务难度无关。     

Gender differences in spatial perception of body tilt

The tendency for observers to overestimate slant is not simply a visual illusion but can also occur with another sense, such as proprioception, as in the case of overestimation of self-body tilt. In the present study, distortion in the perception of body tilt was examined as a function of gender and multisensory spatial information. We used a full-body-tilt apparatus to test when participants experienced being tilted by 45 degrees, with visual and auditory cues present or absent. Body tilt was overestimated in all conditions, with the largest bias occurring when there were no visual or auditory cues. Both visual and auditory information independently improved performance. We also found a gender difference, with women exhibiting more bias in the absence of auditory information and more improvement when auditory information was added. The findings support the view that perception of body tilt is multisensory and that women more strongly utilize auditory information in such multisensory spatial judgments.     

Finding a safe place to cross the road: the effect of distractors and the role of attention in children's identification of safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites

Negotiating traffic requires the ability to focus attention on the traffic environment and ignore distracting stimuli. The aims of this study were (1) to examine the effect of distractors on children's ability to identify safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites and (2) to examine the relationship between identification of safe/dangerous sites and attention (selective attention, attention switching, sustained attention and divided attention). Participants were 88 children (aged between 6 and 11 years) and 29 adults. Ability to identify safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites was assessed using computer presentations of sites with and without visual and auditory distractions. Measures of attention were examined using the Test of Everyday Attention (child and adult versions). The ability to identify safe and dangerous road‐crossing sites and performance on the attention tests were found to improve with increasing age. Correct identification of safe/dangerous road‐crossing sites was related to selective attention and divided attention for children but not for adults. Road safety training should take into account the development of these skills. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How distraction affects pedestrian response: Evidence from behavior patterns and cortex oxyhemoglobin changes

ObjectivesDistracted walking is a major cause of pedestrian road traffic injuries, but little is known about how distraction affects pedestrian safety. The study was designed to explore how visual and auditory distraction might influence pedestrian safety.MethodsThree experiments were conducted to explore causal mechanisms from two theoretical perspectives, increased cognitive load from the distraction task and resource competition in the same sensory modality. Pedestrians’ behavior patterns and cortex oxyhemoglobin changes were recorded while they performed a series of dual tasks.ResultsFour primary results emerged: (a) participants responded more slowly to both visual and auditory stimuli in traffic, as well as walked more slowly, while talking on the phone or text messaging compared to when undistracted or listening to music; (b) when participants completed pedestrian response tasks while distracted with a high cognitive load, their response was significantly slower and poorer than when they carried out a lower cognitive load distraction task, (c) participants had higher levels of oxy-Hb change in cortices related to visual processing and executive function while distracted with a higher cognitive load; and (d) participants' responses to traffic lights were slower and resulted in a higher activation in prefrontal cortex and occipital areas when distracted by a visual distraction task compared to when distracted with an auditory task; similarly, brain activation increased significantly in temporal areas when participants responded to an auditory car horn task compared to when they responded to visual traffic lights.ConclusionsBoth distracting cognitive load demands and the type of distraction task significantly affect young adult pedestrian performance and threaten pedestrian safety. Pedestrian injury prevention efforts should consider the effects of the type of distracting task and its cognitive demands on pedestrian safety.     

偏差声音干扰刺激对视觉注意网络系统的影响

结合注意网络测量工具和听视ODDBALL干扰范式,考察偏差声音干扰刺激的出现对注意网络系统不同功能的影响。结果发现,声音刺激序列下,视觉线索唤醒效应均消失; 标准声音刺激下,不存在线索的脱离和转移效应; 偏差声音刺激下,出现线索脱离和转移效应。研究表明,注意网络中的警觉功能具有超通道加工机制,偏差刺激下视觉注意系统中注意定向和线索转移效应的出现表明偏差干扰效应主要由偏差刺激引起的注意脱离和注意转移损耗部分引起。     

Shared and distinct factors driving attention and temporal processing across modalities

In addition to the classic finding that “sounds are judged longer than lights,” the timing of auditory stimuli is often more precise and accurate than is the timing of visual stimuli. In cognitive models of temporal processing, these modality differences are explained by positing that auditory stimuli more automatically capture and hold attention, more efficiently closing an attentional switch that allows the accumulation of pulses marking the passage of time (Penney, Gibbon, & Meck, 2000). However, attention is a multifaceted construct, and there has been little attempt to determine which aspects of attention may be related to modality effects. We used visual and auditory versions of the Continuous Temporal Expectancy Task (CTET; O'Connell et al., 2009) a timing task previously linked to behavioral and electrophysiological measures of mind-wandering and attention lapses, and tested participants with or without the presence of a video distractor. Performance in the auditory condition was generally superior to that in the visual condition, replicating standard results in the timing literature. The auditory modality was also less affected by declines in sustained attention indexed by declines in performance over time. In contrast, distraction had an equivalent impact on performance in the two modalities. Analysis of individual differences in performance revealed further differences between the two modalities: Poor performance in the auditory condition was primarily related to boredom whereas poor performance in the visual condition was primarily related to distractibility. These results suggest that: 1) challenges to different aspects of attention reveal both modality-specific and nonspecific effects on temporal processing, and 2) different factors drive individual differences when testing across modalities.     

Audiovisual integration in noise by children and adults

The aim of this study was to investigate the development of multisensory facilitation in primary school-age children under conditions of auditory noise. Motor reaction times and accuracy were recorded from 8-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults during auditory, visual, and audiovisual detection tasks. Auditory signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 30-, 22-, 12-, and 9-dB across the different age groups were compared. Multisensory facilitation was greater in adults than in children, although performance for all age groups was affected by the presence of background noise. It is posited that changes in multisensory facilitation with increased auditory noise may be due to changes in attention bias.