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1.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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2.
The underdetermination of theory by data argument (UD) is traditionally construed as an argument that tells us that we ought
to favour an anti-realist position over a realist position. I argue that when UD is constructed as an argument saying that
theory choice is to proceed between theories that are empirically equivalent and adequate to the phenomena up until now, the
argument will not favour constructive empiricism over realism. A constructive empiricist cannot account for why scientists
are reasonable in expecting one theory to be empirically adequate rather than another, given the criteria he suggests for
theory choice.
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3.
Many philosophers maintain that artworks, such as statues, are constituted by other material objects, such as lumps of marble.
I give an argument against this view, an argument which appeals to mereological simples.
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4.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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5.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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6.
In this paper I discuss a number of problems associated with the suggestion that it is possible for God to randomly select
a possible world for actualization.
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7.
Advocates of the use of intuitions in philosophy argue that they are treated as evidence because they are evidential. Their
opponents agree that they are treated as evidence, but argue that they should not be so used, since they are the wrong kinds
of things. In contrast to both, we argue that, despite appearances, intuitions are not treated as evidence in philosophy whether
or not they should be. Our positive account is that intuitions are a subclass of inclinations to believe. Our thesis explains
why intuitions play a role in persuasion and inquiry, without conceding that they are evidential. The account also makes predictions
about the structure of intuitions that are confirmed by independent arguments.
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8.
The paper is intended to focus on peculiarities of nanomedicine and the importance of social concerns implicated, in order
to understand if existing regulations are appropriate to maintain its safety or if a new ad hoc regulatory framework is needed. Consideration of social challenges will underline the crucial role of medical ethics in regulatory
discussion.
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9.
One of the most recent trends in epistemology is contrastivism. It can be characterized as the thesis that knowledge is a
ternary relation between a subject, a proposition known and a contrast proposition. According to contrastivism, knowledge
attributions have the form “S knows that p, rather than q”. In this paper I raise several problems for contrastivism: it lacks
plausibility for many cases of knowledge, is too narrow concerning the third relatum, and overlooks a further relativity of
the knowledge relation.
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10.
To a first approximation, self-representationalism is the view that a mental state M is phenomenally conscious just in case
M represents itself in the appropriate way. Proponents of self-representationalism seem to think that the phenomenology of
ordinary conscious experience is on their side, but opponents seem to think the opposite. In this paper, I consider the phenomenological
merits and demerits of self-representationalism. I argue that there is phenomenological evidence in favor of self-representationalism, and rather more confidently, that there is no phenomenological evidence against self-representationalism.
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11.
The rise of the field of “experimental mathematics” poses an apparent challenge to traditional philosophical accounts of mathematics
as an a priori, non-empirical endeavor. This paper surveys different attempts to characterize experimental mathematics. One
suggestion is that experimental mathematics makes essential use of electronic computers. A second suggestion is that experimental
mathematics involves support being gathered for an hypothesis which is inductive rather than deductive. Each of these options
turns out to be inadequate, and instead a third suggestion is considered according to which experimental mathematics involves
calculating instances of some general hypothesis. The paper concludes with the examination of some philosophical implications
of this characterization.
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12.
Kyle Stanford’s arguments against scientific realism are assessed, with a focus on the underdetermination of theory by evidence.
I argue that discussions of underdetermination have neglected a possible symmetry which may ameliorate the situation.
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13.
Many of those who accept the universalist thesis that mereological composition is unrestricted also maintain that the folk
typically restrict their quantifiers in such a way as to exclude strange fusions when they say things that appear to conflict
with universalism. Despite its prima facie implausibility, there are powerful arguments for universalism. By contrast, there
is remarkably little evidence for the thesis that strange fusions are excluded from the ordinary domain of quantification.
Furthermore, this reconciliatory strategy seems hopeless when applied to the more fundamental conflict between universalism
and the intuitions that tell against it.
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14.
It is generally agreed upon that Grice’s causal theory of perception describes a necessary condition for perception. It does
not describe sufficient conditions, however, since there are entities in causal chains that we do not perceive and not all
causal chains yield perceptions. One strategy for overcoming these problems is that of strengthening the notion of causality
(as done by David Lewis). Another is that of specifying the criteria according to which perceptual experiences should match
the way the world is (Frank Jackson and Michael Tye). Finally, one can also try to provide sufficient conditions by elaborating
on the content of perceptual experiences (Alva N?e). These different strategies are considered in this paper, with the conclusion
that none of them is successful. However, a careful examination of their problems points towards the general solution that
we outline at the end.
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15.
The present research provides evidence that attribution theory can serve as an explanatory framework not only to explain achievers’
reactions to their achievement based on their self generated understandings of what brought these achievements about but also
when such information is provided by others. Thus, when we succeed at school, others may comment on the likely reasons for
this success. The present research addressed the question what it is that makes certain types of feedback on the reasons for
success at school hurtful. The results of two studies conducted in the context of a school setting demonstrated that the causal
structure implied by an explanation for success explains why some explanations are perceived as hurtful and elicit anger,
shame, and guilt rather than pleasure or pride. Interestingly, the perceived validity of the explanation is of relatively
less importance for the elicitation of hurt feelings and anger than the content of the explanation. Overall, these results
provide further evidence for the importance of attributional information for social emotions in educational settings.
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16.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
17.
The concept of flow is briefly reviewed and several theoretical and methodological problems related to flow research are discussed.
In three studies, we attempted to avoid these problems by measuring the experience of flow in its components, rather than
operationally defining flow in terms of challenge and skill. With this measure, we tested the assumption that experience of
flow substantially depends on the balance of challenge and skill. This assumption could only be partially supported, and,
as expected, this relationship was moderated by the (perceived) importance of the activity and by the achievement motive.
Furthermore, flow predicted performance in two of the three studies.
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18.
Radical experimentalists argue that we should give up using intuitions as evidence in philosophy. In this paper, I first argue
that the studies presented by the radical experimentalists in fact suggest that some intuitions are reliable. I next consider
and reject a different way of handling the radical experimentalists’ challenge, what I call the Argument from Robust Intuitions.
I then propose a way of understanding why some intuitions can be unreliable and how intuitions can conflict, and I argue that
on this understanding, both moderate experimentalism and the standard philosophical practice of using intuitions as evidence
can help resolve these conflicts.
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19.
This is a critical discussion of a paper on the problem of bootstrapping by Jose Zalabardo.
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20.
In this paper I argue that the cognitive system is best viewed as a continuum of cognitive processing from modules to central
systems rather than having these as discrete and wholly different modes of cognitive processing. I rely on recent evidence
on the development of theory of mind (ToM) abilities and the developmental disorder of autism. I then turn to the phenomenology
of modular processes. I show that modular outputs have a stronger force than non-modular or central system outputs. I then
evaluate social cognitions and show them to occupy a middle ground with respect to phenomenal strength between modular and
non-modular outputs. The evidence presented then seems to indicate a continuum of cognitive processing rather than the traditional
division between modules and central systems.
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