相似文献
3.
Routley-Meyer type ternary relational semantics are defined for relevant logics including Routley and Meyer’s basic logic B plus the reductio rule \( \vdash A\rightarrow \lnot A\Rightarrow \vdash \lnot A\) and the disjunctive syllogism. Standard relevant logics such as E and R (plus γ) and Ackermann’s logics of ‘strenge Implikation’ Π and Π′ are among the logics considered. 相似文献
4.
In his milestone textbook Lattice Theory, Garrett Birkhoff challenged his readers to develop a ??common abstraction?? that includes Boolean algebras and latticeordered groups as special cases. In this paper, after reviewing the past attempts to solve the problem, we provide our own answer by selecting as common generalization of ${\mathcal{B} \mathcal{A}}$ and ${\mathcal{L} \mathcal{G}}$ their join ${\mathcal{B} \mathcal{A} \vee \mathcal{L} \mathcal{G}}$ in the lattice of subvarieties of ${\mathcal{F} \mathcal{L}}$ (the variety of FL-algebras); we argue that such a solution is optimal under several respects and we give an explicit equational basis for ${\mathcal{B} \mathcal{A} \vee \mathcal{L} \mathcal{G}}$ relative to ${\mathcal{F} \mathcal{L}}$ . Finally, we prove a Holland-type representation theorem for a variety of FL-algebras containing ${\mathcal{B} \mathcal{A} \vee \mathcal{L} \mathcal{G}}$ . 相似文献
5.
Sergei P. Odintsov 《Studia Logica》2010,96(1):65-93
The variety of N4^{{\bf N4}^\perp}-lattices provides an algebraic semantics for the logic N4^{{\bf N4}^\perp} , a version of Nelson’s logic combining paraconsistent strong negation and explosive intuitionistic negation. In this paper
we construct the Priestley duality for the category of N4^{{\bf N4}^\perp}-lattices and their homomorphisms. The obtained duality naturally extends the Priestley duality for Nelson algebras constructed
by R. Cignoli and A. Sendlewski. 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
In this paper we investigate a logic for modelling individual and collective acceptances that is called acceptance logic.
The logic has formulae of the form AG:x j{\rm A}_{G:x} \varphi reading ‘if the agents in the set of agents G identify themselves with institution x then they together accept that j{\varphi} ’. We extend acceptance logic by two kinds of dynamic modal operators. The first kind are public announcements of the form
x!y{x!\psi}, meaning that the agents learn that y{\psi} is the case in context x. Formulae of the form [x!y]j{[x!\psi]\varphi} mean that j{\varphi} is the case after every possible occurrence of the event x!ψ. Semantically, public announcements diminish the space of possible worlds accepted by agents and sets of agents. The announcement
of ψ in context x makes all
\lnoty{\lnot\psi} -worlds inaccessible to the agents in such context. In this logic, if the set of accessible worlds of G in context x is empty, then the agents in G are not functioning as members of x, they do not identify themselves with x. In such a situation the agents in G may have the possibility to join x. To model this we introduce here a second kind of dynamic modal operator of acceptance shifting of the form G:x-y{G:x\uparrow\psi}. The latter means that the agents in G shift (change) their acceptances in order to accept ψ in context x. Semantically, they make ψ-worlds accessible to G in the context x, which means that, after such operation, G is functioning as member of x (unless there are no ψ-worlds). We show that the resulting logic has a complete axiomatization in terms of reduction axioms for both dynamic operators.
In the paper we also show how the logic of acceptance and its dynamic extension can be used to model some interesting aspects
of judgement aggregation. In particular, we apply our logic of acceptance to a classical scenario in judgment aggregation,
the so-called ‘doctrinal paradox’ or ‘discursive dilemma’ (Pettit, Philosophical Issues 11:268–299, 2001; Kornhauser and Sager,
Yale Law Journal 96:82–117, 1986). 相似文献
9.
Niels G. Waller 《Psychometrika》2011,76(4):634-649
In linear multiple regression, “enhancement” is said to occur when R
2=b′r>r′r, where b is a p×1 vector of standardized regression coefficients and r is a p×1 vector of correlations between a criterion y and a set of standardized regressors, x. When p=1 then b≡r and enhancement cannot occur. When p=2, for all full-rank R
xx≠I, R
xx=E[xx′]=V
Λ
V′ (where V
Λ
V′ denotes the eigen decomposition of R
xx; λ
1>λ
2), the set B1:={bi:R2=bi¢ri=ri¢ri;0 < R2 £ 1}\boldsymbol{B}_{1}:=\{\boldsymbol{b}_{i}:R^{2}=\boldsymbol{b}_{i}'\boldsymbol{r}_{i}=\boldsymbol{r}_{i}'\boldsymbol{r}_{i};0
10.
A deductive system $\mathcal{S}$ (in the sense of Tarski) is Fregean if the relation of interderivability, relative to any given theory T, i.e., the binary relation between formulas $$\{ \left\langle {\alpha ,\beta } \right\rangle :T,\alpha \vdash s \beta and T,\beta \vdash s \alpha \} ,$$ is a congruence relation on the formula algebra. The multiterm deduction-detachment theorem is a natural generalization of the deduction theorem of the classical and intuitionistic propositional calculi (IPC) in which a finite system of possibly compound formulas collectively plays the role of the implication connective of IPC. We investigate the deductive structure of Fregean deductive systems with the multiterm deduction-detachment theorem within the framework of abstract algebraic logic. It is shown that each deductive system of this kind has a deductive structure very close to that of the implicational fragment of IPC. Moreover, it is algebraizable and the algebraic structure of its equivalent quasivariety is very close to that of the variety of Hilbert algebras. The equivalent quasivariety is however not in general a variety. This gives an example of a relatively point-regular, congruence-orderable, and congruence-distributive quasivariety that fails to be a variety, and provides what apparently is the first evidence of a significant difference between the multiterm deduction-detachment theorem and the more familiar form of the theorem where there is a single implication connective. 相似文献
11.
A scaled difference test statistic
[(T)\tilde]d\tilde{T}{}_{d}
that can be computed from standard software of structural equation models (SEM) by hand calculations was proposed in Satorra
and Bentler (Psychometrika 66:507–514, 2001). The statistic
[(T)\tilde]d\tilde{T}_{d}
is asymptotically equivalent to the scaled difference test statistic
[`(T)]d\bar{T}_{d}
introduced in Satorra (Innovations in Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Festschrift for Heinz Neudecker, pp. 233–247, 2000), which requires more involved computations beyond standard output of SEM software. The test statistic
[(T)\tilde]d\tilde{T}_{d}
has been widely used in practice, but in some applications it is negative due to negativity of its associated scaling correction.
Using the implicit function theorem, this note develops an improved scaling correction leading to a new scaled difference
statistic
[`(T)]d\bar{T}_{d}
that avoids negative chi-square values. 相似文献
12.
Let
be a finite collection of finite algebras of finite signature such that SP(
) has meet semi-distributive congruence lattices. We prove that there exists a finite collection
1 of finite algebras of the same signature,
, such that SP(
1) is finitely axiomatizable.We show also that if
, then SP(
1) is finitely axiomatizable. We offer new proofs of two important finite basis theorems of D. Pigozzi and R. Willard. Our actual results are somewhat more general than this abstract indicates.While working on this paper, the first author was partially supported by the Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research (OTKA) grant no. T37877 and the second author was supported by the US National Science Foundation grant no. DMS-0245622.Special issue of Studia Logica: Algebraic Theory of Quasivarieties Presented by
M. E. Adams, K. V. Adaricheva, W. Dziobiak, and A. V. Kravchenko 相似文献
13.
Sergio Galvan 《Studia Logica》1994,53(3):389-396
The paper studies two formal schemes related to -completeness.LetS be a suitable formal theory containing primitive recursive arithmetic and letT be a formal extension ofS. Denoted by (a), (b) and (c), respectively, are the following three propositions (where (x) is a formula with the only free variable x): (a) (for anyn) (
T
(n)), (b)
T
x
Pr
T
(–(x)–) and (c)
T
x(x) (the notational conventions are those of Smoryski [3]). The aim of this paper is to examine the meaning of the schemes which result from the formalizations, over the base theoryS, of the implications (b) (c) and (a) (b), where ranges over all formulae. The analysis yields two results overS : 1. the schema corresponding to (b) (c) is equivalent to ¬Cons
T and 2. the schema corresponding to (a) (b) is not consistent with 1-CON
T. The former result follows from a simple adaptation of the -incompleteness proof; the second is new and is based on a particular application of the diagonalization lemma.Presented byMelvin Fitting 相似文献
14.
The well-known argument of Frederick Fitch, purporting to show that verificationism (= Truth implies knowability) entails the absurd conclusion that all the truths are known, has been disarmed by Dorothy Edgington's suggestion that the proper formulation of verificationism presupposes that we make use of anactuality operator along with the standardly invoked epistemic and modal operators. According to her interpretation of verificationism, the actual truth of a proposition implies that it could be known in some possible situation that the proposition holds in theactual situation. Thus, suppose that our object language contains the operatorA — it is actually the case that ... — with the following truth condition:
vA
iff w0, wherew
0 stands for the designated world of the model — the actual world. Then we can formalize the verificationist claim as follows:
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