企业薪酬管理中的心理效应

薪酬作为企业对员工履行劳动义务的物质补偿形式。薪酬的形式和内容将直接关系到员工的切身利益和企业的发展。本文主要是从薪酬的不同发放形式和内容对员工公平感、满意度的影响等角度,来分析员工在薪酬体系中的不同的心理效应,及对员工行为的影响。     

心理契约履行和组织公民行为之间的关系研究

本研究在对159名在职人员的调查的基础上,比较全面地考察了心理契约的内容,并对心理契约实际履行情况带来的影响做了研究。结果发现：不同心理契约履行水平下,员工的组织公民行为存在显著差异。因此,我们可以认为如果要提高员工的组织公民行为,组织应该最大程度地履行员工的心理契约。这反映了员工与组织之间互惠交换关系的本质。另外,不同内容的心理契约履行带来的组织公民行为的提高,具体表现在不同方面。     

论权利与义务的关系

权利与义务的关系可以归结为两种相关性。一种是一个人的权利与他人的义务的关系:一个人的权利,必然是他人的义务;反之亦然。这是一个人的权利与他人的义务的必然的、客观的、事实如何的关系,亦即所谓“权利与义务的逻辑相关性”。另一种则是基于这种逻辑相关性的“权利义务道德相关性”,亦即一个人的权利应该是对他自己的义务的交换:一个人所享有的权利应该等于他所负有的义务;而他所行使的权利则应该至多等于他所履行的义务。     

论康德对“出自人类之爱而说谎的权利”的批评

康德在《论出自人类之爱而说谎的所谓权利》一文中认为,说真话是一种形式义务,人们应该无条件地履行这个义务,不管由此导致什么后果。贡斯当和科尔斯戈德分别从法学层面和伦理学层面对这个观点进行批评,都认为康德所谓的不说谎义务在现实中缺少可行的条件,不可能得到普遍遵守,但是这并不能从理论上反驳康德的"应当不说谎"观点。康德的绝对不说谎义务的理论困难主要在于,未能真正直面不同道德义务之间的冲突,未能指出解决不同道德义务冲突的依据。     

从义务论的角度看康德的正义思想

康德虽然没有正义论方面的专著,但具有丰富的正义思想。从义务论的角度看,一种流行的观点是把康德的义务论等同于正义论。但人们应该注意到:康德把义务分为可以外在强制的法权义务和只能自我强制的德性义务,因此其义务论有法权义务论和德性义务论之分。由于法权义务的履行可以通过外在强制的法律,因而属于"合法性"即正义的范围,法权义务论也就完全可以成为一种正义论。对康德而言,合法的即正当的,而正当的即正义的。相反,一切违背法律的行为都为不义。但是,德性义务作为人的一种自我强制,作为"同时是义务的目的",只能依靠人的内心自觉去履行,这就决定了德性义务论不是正义论。康德背离了古代德性论的传统,把正义不再视为人的一种基本德性。     

论患者的不真正义务

患者的不真正义务是法律没有规定且医患双方亦没有约定患者必须履行的,医方通常不得请求履行,而其违反也不发生损害赔偿责任,仅使患者遭受权利减损或者丧失之不利益的义务.主要包括患者的披露的义务、遵照医嘱的义务与签字的义务.患者的不真正义务是不同于患者给付义务和附随义务的一种独立义务.患者的不真正义务不应保护医方使其免于承担治疗失当的责任.     

论病人的“选医权”

选医权是病人的一项基本权力,它能消除医患间事实上的不平等,具有公平的法律价值,能够保证起点公平、过程公平和结果公平。在实施选医权的过程中,病人要正确行使权力,不能滥用权力,履行自己应尽的义务;医院和医生必须为保证病人选医权履行相应的义务。     

初始信念、组织诱引对员工心理契约变化的影响

心理契约是员工——组织关系的重要形式,组织中的心理契约是发展变化的。该研究采用追踪设计,以189名大学本科毕业生为研究对象,考察员工入职前初始信念和入职后组织提供的诱引因素以及两者之间的交互作用如何影响员工对组织义务感的改变。研究发现：组织支持对关系型义务感和交易型义务感的变化都有明显的影响作用,其对关系型义务感的影响强于对交易型义务感的影响;员工入职前初始信念对员工义务感发展的影响作用受到组织诱引包括工作奖赏和组织支持的调节     

伦理豁免刍议

伦理豁免,是在一定的伦理尤其是亲属关系(一定程度上包括朋友关系)中,在究竟是履行伦理的义务、还是履行法律的义务之间,人们陷入紧张冲突甚至两难的情况下,被法律赋予一定的特殊权利,得依法免除法定的义务、责任甚至罪责。中华伦理、中华法系以伦理豁免来解决伦理、法律的矛盾,有宝贵的理论和实践;其中蕴涵的基本价值是,通过维护伦理,从根本上维护社会秩序。伦理豁免对今天解决伦理、法律之两难,仍是宝贵的智慧。     

作为义务的诚信以及诚信义务的豁免

作为义务的诚信是将诚信看作超越功利的,不管对行为者及其相关人员有利与否,也不管行为主体愿意与否都必须履行的道德责任。当下社会普遍存在的诚信缺失现象有复杂的原因,但将诚信仅仅作为手段来强调而忽视了义务层面的要求,并由此导致人们出于利益的追求而逃避诚信义务则无疑是最主要的原因。因此,要在全社会打造诚信,就必须树立诚信是必须被履行之义务的理念,并努力在全社会形成自觉履行诚信义务的习惯。当然,诚信义务的履行并不是无条件的,在特定的情况下是可以因为更重要更迫切的其他义务的出现而豁免的。     

The Impact of Family Obligations on Young Women’s Decisions During the Transition to College: A Comparison of Latina, European American, and Asian American Students

In this study, we hypothesized that (1) Latina and Asian American undergraduate women would report more frequently fulfilling family obligations than would European Americans, and (2) fulfillment of family obligations would predict students’ residential and working plans for their first semester of college. Results of an online survey completed by 296 American first-year students showed that Latinas more frequently fulfilled family obligations than did Asian Americans and European Americans, although fulfilling family obligations did not influence Latinas’ residential or working plans. European American students who more frequently fulfilled family obligations were more likely to plan to live at home, and Asian American students who more frequently fulfilled family obligations planned to work fewer hours during their first semester at college.     

Five‐Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Importance of Agreeableness in a Tight and Collectivistic Asian Society

Results from predominantly US‐based research have shown that personality can partly explain job satisfaction. As the issue of globalisation grows in importance for organisations, I researched in this study whether meta‐analytic findings on the relationships between job satisfaction and the Big Five personality traits extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism would hold in a tight and collectivistic Asian society. Additionally, I expected that in a tight and collectivistic society the personality trait agreeableness would have a strong positive relationship with job satisfaction. Study participants were 354 employees from organisations in Singapore. Results confirmed that extraversion, conscientiousness, non‐neuroticism (emotional stability), and also agreeableness were related to job satisfaction. The study advises scholars and practitioners that even in a tight and collectivistic Asian society—despite situations that demand abiding by norms and fulfilling obligations—job satisfaction is related to stable personality traits.     

Filial Obligations and Expectations in China: Current Views from Young and Old People in Beijing

This study examines how 90 university students and 77 old people in Beijing view filial piety in Chinese society now. The results show that old people continue to hold high filial expectations for young people and that young people still endorse strongly filial obligations for old people. Obedience received the lowest rating while respect received the highest rating. "Looking after the aged parents" and "assisting them financially" are the top filial concerns for young males whereas "retaining contact with the elders" is the top filial concern for young females. "Respecting elders but necessarily obeying them" appears to be a new cultural protocol for fulfilling filial obligations in Chinese societies now.     

“Caring‐about” and the Problem of Overwhelming Obligations

Care theorists often think of care as involving (at least) “caring‐about”—concern or attentiveness—and “caring‐for”—acting to nurture, look after, or meet needs. One problem for any theory of care is the scope of our obligations to care in both of those senses; in particular, our capacities for “caring‐about” often outrun our capacities for “caring‐for.” Accounts of care as potentially global in scope may ascribe overwhelming obligations to moral agents; however, we are often tempted to avoid or ignore situations that may call for a caring response. I suggest that some Kantian ideas may help to strike a reasonable balance.     

Using Quality of Life to Assess Performance in the Disability Services Sector

Measurement of performance is extremely important for not-for-profit agencies in terms of measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of agencies in achieving their goals. Performance indicators assist managers of agencies in strategic decision making and in fulfilling their accountability obligations for the best use of limited resources. This paper argues that not-for-profit agencies that serve people with intellectual disabilities can use quality of life as one measure of agency and/or program performance. This is demonstrated with reference to research conducted on the effect of different methods of employment on the quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities. Effectiveness of agencies and/or programs can be assessed based on comparisons of quality of life outcomes under different methods of employment or by reference to absolute percentage of scale maximum scores and whether homeostasis is defeated.     

Mattel,Lead Paint,and Magnets: Ethics and Supply Chain Management

Over a period of 19 months in 2006 and 2007, Mattel recalled approximately 14 million toys. The company was subjected to numerous lawsuits and regulatory actions and suffered severe damage to its reputation. Two issues were involved: excessive levels of lead in numerous toy surface paints and small detachable magnets in some toys, which could be swallowed. An examination of the facts shows that two different ethical situations were involved—one concerning product design and the other concerning manufacturing practices of Mattel's Chinese contractors and subcontractors. The ethical obligations of the company and individuals within the company in the two situations were quite different, and illustrate problems faced by companies in managing their global supply chains.     

To warn and to control: two distinct legal obligations or variations of a single duty to protect?

Prior to the Tarasoff decisions, jurisprudence pertaining to the duty to warn, or inform, to prevent violence to third persons, was separate from that pertaining to the duty to control to prevent such violence. The Tarasoff Principle consolidated preventive obligations in the face of foreseeable violence under a single "duty to protect." Even as courts adopted divergent rules for establishing foreseeability, many held to a single duty to protect with warnings as one possibility for fulfilling this option. Particularly over the past decade, courts have again disengaged the duty to warn and the duty to control, each requiring different legal predicates to occur. In recent years, courts have upheld or rejected a duty to warn, upheld or rejected a duty to control; and several courts have, within a single opinion, articulated fundamental distinctions between these two separate protective duties.     

THE MYSTIQUE OF MORAL DILEMMAS

The paper is concerned with the question of the existence of moral dilemmas, conceived of as situations involving a subject in a conflict of non‐overridden moral obligations. I reject some of the presuppositions underlying discussions of this question and argue that certain morally relevant choices cannot be evaluated in relation to an all‐things‐considered moral obligation as permissible or impermissible, right or wrong. In arguing for the inadequacy of our ordinary moral predicates for fully capturing the nature of such choices, I argue that they are, in certain respects, inexpressible.     

The relational self and the Confucian familial ethics

In this article, I shall briefly examine the basic characteristics of Confucian familial morality, especially of the concept of filial piety, and argue that ancient Confucians tend to be conservative on allowing breach of filial obligations although they may not entirely exclude particular considerations to exceptional situations to a certain degree. I shall then argue that this conservative aspect of the Confucian idea of filial piety accurately captures some distinctive features of familial relationships and may thus shed light on our understanding of the ethical nature of human family life and our philosophical investigation of familial ethics.     

Obligations In Medical Crises: Treatment and Protocols

This article adduces several lines of argument to try to analyze the need for certain sorts of interventions in medical crises. The recent Ebola crisis is taken as exemplary, and other similarly serious medical situations requiring intervention, such as the endemic presence of Valley fever in parts of California, are alluded to. The overall contention is that our duties in medical crises may be somewhat stronger than previously constructed by analysts. The work of Kuhse and Singer is cited, and the article concludes that there are special moral obligations to respond to international medical emergencies when they arise.