内-外倾人格对情绪调节的影响及神经机制

内—外倾人格(即外倾性)是与情绪活动密切相关的人格特质：该特质不但影响人类的适应能力与主观幸福感,还与焦虑、冲动等情绪—行为障碍的产生有密切关联。在以往研究中,外倾性与情绪健康的关系集中体现为内—外倾人格对情绪事件易感性的影响,如外倾人格得分的增高伴随着对奖赏刺激更强的积极情绪反应水平。然而,上述联系也有可能是由于外倾性不同的人群具有不同的情绪调节特点导致。因此,可通过系统操纵外倾性人格因素与情绪调节方式,从外倾性人格特质对情绪调节方式及调节效果影响的角度,深入探讨外倾性和人类情绪与健康的关系。拟综合使用行为调查与生理测量、EEG/ERP 与 fMRI 手段,开展如下三个层面的研究工作：1)情绪调节问卷的编制及内、外倾人群情绪调节策略的比较研究;2)外倾性对情绪调节的影响及其脑机制研究,探讨认知情绪调节的生理变化、时间进程及神经基础与内—外倾人格的关系;3)情绪稳定性不同的内、外倾人群其情绪调节的特点及其脑机制研究。通过上述系列研究,深化对情绪与人格关系的认识,从而为心理健康的维护,情绪障碍的治疗及相关疗法的开发应用奠定理论基础。     

Introversion-Extraversion, Self-Monitoring, and Applicant Performance in a Situational Panel Interview: A Field Study

This study investigated relationships between applicant introversion-extraversion, self-monitoring, and performance in a situational panel interview. Police officers applying for promotion to the rank of sergeant in a metropolitan police department participated in a selection interview and completed a personality questionnaire. Results showed self-monitoring moderated the relation between introversion-extraversion and interview performance. As predicted, the relationship was stronger for low self-monitors than for high self-monitors. Extraverted, high self-monitoring and introverted, low self-monitoring promotion candidates were rated highest by selection interview panelists.     

Discriminal sensitivity on the subjective continuum

• 1.(1) It is pointed out that the relation between discriminal sensitivity and perceived intensity in the subjective dimension is an important problem which has attracted too little attention. There seems to be no single investigation directly centering on this question.
• 2.(2) A method is developed for investigating this relation. It is essentially a graphic procedure for differentiating R with respect to S in order to make possible a computation of discriminal dispersions or related measures in terms of R.
• 3.(3) The method is applied to a fictious numerical example.
• 4.(4) The same method is applied to published experimental data. It is found that the difference limen is an increasing linear function of intensity in the case of subjective weight, and an increasing, definitely non-linear function in the case of subjective salt intensity.
• 5.(5) There is indirect evidence that the difference limen in subjective units is constant in the case of brightness and pitch, but is an increasing function of intensity in the case of loudness.
• 6.(6) The case of qualitative or inter-dimensional variation is discussed. There is indirect evidence that subjective sensitivity is constant along the curvilinear continuum in the multidimensional subjective space of hue.
• 7.(7) An hypothesis advanced by Stevens and collaborators is contradicted by brightness data but supported by color data.
• 8.(8) Relations between sensitivity and position in the subjective continuum may possible be ascribed to central processes, which makes them more promising objects of investigation than conventional psychophysical relations which also depend on highly specific peripheral factors.
     

Saturation of red: A prothetic continuum

A battery of procedures was used to scale the saturation of colors produced by mixtures of red and gray papers. By direct magnitude estimation, the apparent saturation was found to grow as the1.7 power of the percentage of red in the mixture. The power law was confirmed by the cross-modality matching of loudness to saturation. The inverse continuum, paleness, was also scaled. Saturation appears to be a prothetic continuum because the category scale is curved and the subjective size of the jnd increases as saturation increases.     

Mapping the continuum of research strategies

Synthese - Contemporary philosophy of science has seen a growing trend towards a focus on scientific practice over the epistemic outputs that such practices produce. This practice-oriented approach...     

Healing after Columbine: reflections of psychoanalytic responders to community trauma

Following the shootings at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999, the Denver Psychoanalytic Society provided both immediate and long-term interventions to those closely impacted by the tragedy. In this effort, analytically trained volunteers faced many personal challenges and role adjustments. To address these issues a reflective study group was formed twenty months after the traumatic event. Group discussions revealed a surprising number of residual symptoms from secondary trauma, as well as opportunities for shared coping among analysts. Little has been written about the very human and subjective responses of analysts in such circumstances. These experiences may be helpful to others in today's world of terrorism and unexpected violent events.     

Response-reinforcer independence and the economic continuum: A preliminary analysis

Three pigeons were exposed to 1-hr and 4-hr sessions during which they earned food under a fixed-ratio 50 schedule of reinforcement while obtaining additional food according to either a variable-interval or a variable-time schedule. Postsession food was provided after the 1-hr sessions. The frequency of the variable-interval and variable-time food presentations was varied under the two session durations. The various combinations of within-session earned and unearned food, as well as the postsession food, defined conditions on the open-to-closed economy continuum. Key pecks tended to increase as the frequency of either variable-interval or variable-time food decreased. An economic-continuum analysis based on an independence quotient as a measure of response-reinforcer independence is presented to account for the effects.     

Development and the continuum of dimensional separability

Recent studies of adult perception may be interpreted in terms of a continuum from the integral to the separable perception of multidimensional variation. Three experiments examined the existence of such a continuum across developmental levels. These experiments are important because several developmental studies suggest that the separability of dimensions increases with age. Despite this assumed developmental trend, it was hypothesized that therelative separability of dimensions does not change with age. The results of the three experiments did not support the hypothesis. The ordering of dimensions by their relative separability changes with development. These results suggest that the relative separability and potential separability of dimensions are not fixed. In light of the results, it is hypothesized that the integrality or separability of dimensions in adult perception is primarily determined by perceptual learning and not by the inherent characteristics of combinations of stimulus dimensions.     

A peak shift on a line-tilt continuum

Pigeons were trained to discriminate the presence or absence of a vertical line, and their performance on a subsequent generalization test was compared with that of other pigeons trained to discriminate a vertical from a 45° line. On the generalization gradient after discrimination training, the presence/absence discrimination group showed a peak at 0° (vertical) while the peak for the 0°/45° discrimination group shifted from 0° in a direction away from the 45° line. The results, discussed in connection with a recent suggestion about the role of color in the peak-shift effect, are interpreted as supporting the generality of the phenomenon.     

Impact of intuitive theories on feature recruitment throughout the continuum of expertise

Expertise in object domains involves both the perceptual learning of the differentiating and higher order features that are indicative of concepts and the elaboration of intuitive theories. Triad-similarity judgments, feature-salience ratings, and verbal protocols were used to investigate the effects of theories on the recruitment of features across different categorization contexts, as well as the degree to which expert categorization skills transferred to less familiar domains. Whereas novices considered features that indicated overall similarity to be more perceptually salient than were modified parts that indicated taxonomic relations, experts found them equally salient. Experts’ theories were instrumental in directing feature recruitment in contexts involving identification, image generation, and similarity decisions. Experts’ theories also supported the transfer of categorization skills to related, less familiar domains. The relation of mutual dependence between perceptual learning and theory development throughout the continuum of expertise is considered.     

Psychosocial adjustment along the HIV disease continuum

Abstract

Evidence suggests that certain indices of stage of HIV disease are determinants of psychological distress, although information is lacking on how disease stage impacts on multiple domains of adjustment. The present study aimed: (1) to explore differences among clinical stages of HIV on measures of psychosocial adjustment, and (2) to explore the relationship between indices of psychosocial adjustment to HIV and self-report measures of physical health. Ninety six HIV-infected persons and 33 HIV seronegative comparison group participants were interviewed and completed self-administered scales. Participants were divided into four groups (the independent variable): a comparison group and three HIV groups, representing the three clinical indices of illness stage (asymptomatic, early symptomatic and AIDS). Three subjective health indices included number of HIV-related symptoms, global health rating, and T4 count. The dependent variables included 5 psychosocial adjustment measures. Results indicated that social and instrumental domains of adjustment were significantly associated with both clinical stage and all 3 subjective health indices. Levels of psychological distress were associated with number of physical symptoms and global health rating, but were unrelated to clinical stage and T4 count. Emotional and existential concerns were unrelated to all indices of illness stage.     

Training and Stroop-like interference: evidence for a continuum of automaticity

Three experiments varied the extent of practice in an analog of the Stroop color-work task. Each experiment involved four phases: (a) baseline naming of four familiar colors, (b) training in consistently naming four novel shapes by using the names of the same four colors, (c) naming the colors when they appeared in the form of the shapes, and (d) naming the shapes when they appeared in color. In Experiment 1, with up to 2 hr of training in shape naming, colors were named much faster than shapes. Interference was observed only in Phase 4. In Experiment 2, with 5 hr of training, shape naming sped up, but was still slower than color naming. Nevertheless, there was symmetrical interference in Phases 3 and 4, and this persisted 3 months later without further training. Experiment 3 replicated this pattern and then extended practice to 20 hr, by which time shape and color naming were equally rapid. After 20 hr, interference appeared only in Phase 3, reversing the original asymmetry. The overall pattern is inconsistent with a simple speed of processing account of interference. The alternative idea of a continuum of automaticity--a direct consequence of training--remains plausible, and the implications of this perspective are considered.     

Jumping to conclusions and the continuum of delusional beliefs

The present study examined the jumping to conclusions reasoning bias across the continuum of delusional ideation by investigating individuals with active delusions, delusion prone individuals, and non-delusion prone individuals. Neutral and highly self-referent probabilistic reasoning tasks were employed. Results indicated that individuals with delusions gathered significantly less information than delusion prone and non-delusion prone participants on both the neutral and self-referent tasks, (p<.001). Individuals with delusions made less accurate decisions than the delusion prone and non-delusion prone participants on both tasks (p<.001), yet were more confident about their decisions than were delusion prone and non-delusion prone participants on the self-referent task (p=.002). Those with delusions and those who were delusion prone reported higher confidence in their performance on the self-referent task than they did the neutral task (p=.02), indicating that high self-reference impacted information processing for individuals in both of these groups. The results are discussed in relation to previous research in the area of probabilistic reasoning and delusions.     

Listener perceptions along a fluency--disfluency continuum: a phenomenological analysis

The purpose of this study was to conduct a phenomenological analysis (a qualitative research method) of unbiased listeners' perceptions to six speech samples across a fluency-disfluency continuum. A sample of 60 individuals heard only one sample chosen from three levels of fluent or three levels of disfluent speech. Listeners were interviewed following the presentation of the speech sample and their comments were analyzed with respect to the perception of the speaker's communicative effectiveness. Communicative effectiveness was supported by three phenomenological categories: speaker attributes, listener attributes, and story attributes. Five theme clusters further supported these categories: speech production, context, speaker identity, listener comfort, and story comprehension. The results showed that listener perceptions within theme clusters varied across the six speech samples. The results also showed that listeners differentially respond to a broad array of information in the speech signal (not simply fluency or disfluency). These findings support Traunmuller's (1994) modulation theory associated with information that can be obtained from the speech signal. Implications for the treatment of stuttering are also discussed. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The reader will learn (1) how listeners may have multiple and varying perceptual experiences depending upon where along a fluency-disfluency continuum a speech sample is heard; (2) how perceptual experiences are influenced by speaker, listener, and story attributes; and (3) how phenomenological analysis may expand our understanding of multifactorial issues associated with stuttering.     

Learning on a response continuum: Comparison of a linear change and a functional learning model

Two reinforcement schedules were used to compare the predictive validity of a linear change model with a functional learning model. In one schedule, termed “convergent,” the linear change model predicts convergence to the optimum response, while in the other, termed “divergent,” this model predicts that a subject's response will not converge. The functional learning model predicts convergence in both cases. Another factor that was varied was presence or absence of random error or “noise” in the relationship between response and outcome. In the “noiseless” condition, in which no noise is added, a subject could discover the optimum response by chance, so that some subjects could appear to have converged fortuitously. In the “noisy” conditions such chance apparent convergence could not occur.The results did not unequivocally favor either model. While the linear change model's prediction of nonconvergence in the divergent conditions (particularly the “noisy” divergent condition) was not sustained, there was a clear difference in speed of convergence, counter to the prediction inferred from the functional learning model. Evidence that at least some subjects were utilizing a functional learning strategy was adduced from the fact that subjects were able to “map out” the relation between response and outcome quite accurately in a follow-up task. Almost all subjects in the “noisy” conditions had evidently “learned” a strong linear relation, with slope closely matching the veridical one.The data were consistent with a hybrid model assuming a “hierarchy of cognitive strategies” in which more complex strategies (e.g., functional learning) are utilized only when the simpler ones (e.g., a linear change strategy) fail to solve the problem.     

Toward assessing attachment on an emotional security continuum: comment on Fraley and Spieker (2003)

The article by R.C. Fraley and S.J. Spieker (2003) serves to remind the discipline of the possible virtues of assessing attachments on continua, a practice that has a long history in attachment research. In this commentary, the author further develops the potential contributions of this approach to assessment and advocates renewed efforts toward assessment of attachments on a single continuum of emotional security. The author contends that theory is essential as a guide for new directions in attachment assessment and that Bowlby's notions of secure base and emotional security provide the needed conceptual foundation for these further developments (E. Waters & E. M. Cummings, 2000). Moreover, challenges that have been made historically to the scoring of attachment on a security continuum are addressed. New means for continuously scoring attachment are advocated as a supplement to the primary direction of categorically assessing attachment patterns.     

Narcissism and depression: MMPI-2 evidence for the continuum hypothesis in clinical samples

According to one hypothesis, self-report measures of narcissism help describe a psychological continuum related to self-esteem. Most of the previous support for this idea appeared in studies of undergraduates responding to the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1981) along with other self-report instruments. In this project, results consistent with the continuum hypothesis were obtained when Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) narcissism scales were correlated with depression in adults receiving treatment for alcoholism. Essentially identical outcomes emerged in a second sample of state psychiatric hospital patients. A third study upheld the hypothesis when narcissism scales were correlated with clinical assessments rather than self-reports of depression. None of these findings were easily explained in terms of alternative interpretations of self-reported narcissism, and these data demonstrate that empirical support for the continuum hypothesis was not limited to the NPI, undergraduates, or self-report measures.     

Additional-delay schedules: A continuum of temporal contingencies by varying food delay

Pigeons performed on discrete-trial, temporally defined schedules in which the food delay (D) was adjusted according to the latency of the key peck (X) and two schedule parameters (t and A). The schedule function was D = A(t − X), where D is the experienced delay between a response and a reinforcer. The schedule parameter t is the maximum value below which the present contingencies occur. A is the additional delay to reinforcement for each second the response latency is shorter than the t value. When A = 0 s, the schedule is a continuous reinforcement schedule with immediate reinforcement. When A = 1 s, the schedule is a conjunctive fixed-ratio 1 fixed-time t-s schedule. When A approaches infinity, the schedule becomes a differential reinforcement of long latency schedule. The latencies for subjects with t = 10 s and t = 30 s were observed with the present schedules having seven values for A between 0 s and 11 s. In addition, the latencies for subjects for which t = 30 s were observed at an A value of 31 s to 41 s. As the A value increased, the latencies approached the t value for subjects for which t = 10 s. The latencies for 30-s-t subjects did not approach t, even when the A value was 41 s. The latencies for 10-s-t subjects at 11-s A value were longer than those under yoked conditions having exactly the same delays/interreinforcement intervals. These results demonstrated a continuum of latency related to the schedule continuum (value of A) at a small t value.