A psychology of the human brain–gut–microbiome axis

In recent years, we have seen increasing research within neuroscience and biopsychology on the interactions between the brain, the gastrointestinal tract, the bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract, and the bidirectional relationship between these systems: the brain–gut–microbiome axis. Although research has demonstrated that the gut microbiota can impact upon cognition and a variety of stress‐related behaviours, including those relevant to anxiety and depression, we still do not know how this occurs. A deeper understanding of how psychological development as well as social and cultural factors impact upon the brain–gut–microbiome axis will contextualise the role of the axis in humans and inform psychological interventions that improve health within the brain–gut–microbiome axis. Interventions ostensibly aimed at ameliorating disorders in one part of the brain–gut–microbiome axis (e.g., psychotherapy for depression) may nonetheless impact upon other parts of the axis (e.g., microbiome composition and function), and functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome represent a disorder of the axis, rather than an isolated problem either of psychology or of gastrointestinal function. The discipline of psychology needs to be cognisant of these interactions and can help to inform the future research agenda in this emerging field of research. In this review, we outline the role psychology has to play in understanding the brain–gut–microbiome axis, with a focus on human psychology and the use of research in laboratory animals to model human psychology.     

临床运动心理学研究:现状、问题与建议

本文对《临床运动心理学杂志》创刊以来的99篇论文进行内容分析,以揭示临床运动心理学研究的现状与问题.研究结果表明:临床运动心理学研究领域主要为运动功能障碍、心理健康、运动功能损害、运动表现发展;研究的热点问题主要为运动表现、饮食障碍、情绪障碍、成瘾、压力应对等;研究主要以认知行为理论为基础;42.4％的研究假设有待进一步验证;研究方法存在一些问题.基于上述研究结果,对我国运动心理学研究者提出以下建议:拓展研究领域;关注研究的本土化;丰富研究的理论基础;加强研究方法训练.     

Investitations of the ongoing stressful situations among those with chronic illness

This paper examines methods of adaptation among those faced with stress from chronic health problems. Studies of disabled older adults and those with muscular-skeletal disorders are described with special emphasis on the role of everyday life events, and the threats to well-being imposed by chronic stressors. Attention is paid not only to psychological distress as outcome of a failure to adapt, but also to indices of psychological well-being which provide evidence of the benefits for those who cope successfully with chronic illness. The paper examines evidence for the proposition that everyday stressors can influence physiological processes linked to disease course. The implications of these findings for social interventions are discussed from community and health psychology perspectives. Editor’s Note: Alex Zautra was honored at the 104^th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in Toronto, Canada, in August 1996. Dr. Zautra received the 1996 Barbara Dohrenwend Memorial Award by the Society for Community Research and Action: the Division of Community Psychology of the American Psychological Association. This work was supported by biomedical grants to the first author from the Arthritis Foundation, and the National Institute on Arthritis and Muscular-Skeletal Diseases (R01 AR41687).     

Barry J. Everitt: Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions

Presents Barry J. Everitt, 2011 winner of the American Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions. "For distinguished theoretical and empirical contributions to basic research in experimental psychology and neuroscience. Barry J. Everitt's original and elegant research has greatly added to the understanding of monoaminergic and glutamatergic regulation of cortico-striatal-limbic function and its involvement in psychological processes and pathological states, notably addiction. His stellar contributions have included the development of animal models of addiction and groundbreaking studies on learning and memory processes. He has combined sophisticated behavioral approaches with molecular, cellular, anatomical, and psychopharmacological approaches in rodents. His energy and enthusiasm for research, creativity, and outstanding productivity have advanced our knowledge of brain function and inspired several generations of behavioral neuroscientists." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).     

压力知觉对大学生手机成瘾的影响：自我控制和学习倦怠的序列中介效应

为考察自我控制、学习倦怠在压力知觉与手机成瘾之间的序列中介效应,运用压力知觉量表、自我控制量表、学习倦怠量表和手机成瘾量表对946名大学生进行调查,结果表明：(1) 压力知觉与手机成瘾呈显著正相关;(2) 自我控制在压力知觉与大学生手机成瘾倾向之间起中介作用;(3)学习倦怠在压力知觉与大学生手机成瘾倾向之间起中介作用;(4) 压力知觉通过自我控制和学习倦怠的序列中介作用对大学生手机成瘾倾向产生影响。     

Managing stress and managing illness: Survival and quality of life in chronic disease

Interest has been steadily building in the impact of stress on psychological and physiological functioning, in particular on immune system responses, furthering the concept of a strong connection between the mind and the body. Implications for prevention of disease onset or treatment of stress-induced illness or immunocompromised conditions have been explored through the implementation of stress management techniques. Cognitive behavioral stress management interventions, biofeedback, relaxation, guided imagery, hypnosis, individual and group psychotherapy, aerobic exercise, and guided self-efficacy treatment are briefly reviewed to identify possible treatment mechanisms that may affect immune function and promote quality of life. The application of behavioral techniques to reduce distress and sharpen coping skills has great promise in reducing the costs associated with chronic disease and in enhancing quality of life among those afflicted.Presented at the APA Presidential Miniconvention, To Your Health: Psychology Through the Life Span, Session VIII, Assuring a Healthy Lifestyle: Psychology Delivers. Chair: Diane J. Willis, Ph.D. The third author received partial funding through the Terry Fox Research Fellowship 5257, National Cancer Institute of Canada.     

行为与脑的关系及其与机体其它属性间的相互作用的研究──心理学研究展望

“二十一世纪的心理学”的论题是当今许多科学家感兴趣的．这种预测是一种想象与现实相结合的尝试。审视过去和现在．心理学未来的雏形的基础可能是行为与脑的关系及其与生命其它属性之间的相互作用。     

心理神经免疫学研究

心理神经免疫学（Psychoneuroimmunology）是一门探索人类心身健康奥秘的新型边缘学科。它研究神经系统如何将心理因素转换为可以影响健康的生理状态的机制,特别是脑和行为如何影响免疫系统,又如何受到免疫系统的影响的。免疫系统和神经系统之间是否真正存在联系一直有争论,我们实验室围绕高级神经活动对免疫系统的作用开展了研究。工作包括：条件反射性免疫抑制和增强、情绪应激与免疫、心理行为干预与癌症等。这些工作不仅证实了心理调控,比如信号刺激、情绪和意念想象等,确实可以影响免疫系统的功能,而且对有关机制进行了探讨     

工作记忆训练对药物成瘾者认知功能的改善及其机制

对处于戒断期的各类药物成瘾群体进行认知训练，训练后药物成瘾个体认知能力得到改善，成瘾症状也得到了一定缓解。认知训练能够加速药物成瘾者大脑受损区域的自发性恢复，尤其是使影响个体抑制控制能力的中脑边缘多巴胺系统和前额叶系统发生功能性和结构性的积极变化，实现药物成瘾个体高级认知能力的改善。今后可以从不同类别的药物成瘾是否全部具有可逆性，设置的认知训练任务能否起到改善认知能力的效果，药物成瘾个体训练的性别差异以及训练效果的保持时间等角度进行研究。     

Professional Training in Applied Psychology: Towards a Signature Pedagogy for Forensic Psychology Training

Forensic Psychology is a recognised and important sub‐specialty of the Psychology discipline. However, after an expansion in the number of training places that were offered when programmes were first developed, recent years have seen these diminish in response to changes in university policies, resulting from reformulated Federal government funding models. In this article, we argue that it is important for the future of specialist areas of professional psychology to not only articulate the core skills and competencies that are associated with specialist practice but also to develop unique and distinctive approaches to teaching and learning signature pedagogies. Based on the premise that forensic psychological practice is, indeed, a distinctive activity that requires different skills and, importantly, different ways of thinking about the work from other areas of professional psychology, it is suggested that professional training in this area should aim to develop a signature pedagogy which combines methods of teaching and learning that have been developed in legal training programmes with principles of problem‐based learning.     

Psychological Science in Australia

This paper is a brief account of the Australian Strategic Review of the Psychology Discipline and its Research. Issues discussed include Australia's contribution to world research in psychological science, research funding, the age and qualifications of researchers, the social and economic benefits arising from the applications of research outcomes, multidisciplinary issues, the role of psychology in industry, links between the discipline and the profession of psychology, professional training, cross-cultural issues, and educational issues. Priorities for development of research and postgraduate training are identified, and include human factors and other areas related to technological change, clinical psychology with particular attention to health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and neuroscience and physiological psychology.     

中枢N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体在应激所致行为改变中的作用

应激所致行为效应的脑机制研究是目前生理心理学研究的热点领域。近年来,对于参与应激所致行为效应的神经递质研究从5-HT、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的范畴,逐渐发展到关注脑内含量最为丰富的谷氨酸能神经元所产生的兴奋性递质,包括谷氨酸、天冬氨酸及其相应受体NMDAR可能在应激性行为效应的中枢机制中的作用。近十年来的研究表明,中枢NMDAR是学习记忆的关键物质,在兴奋性突触传递、突触可塑性和脑发育过程中扮演重要的角色。不同类型的应激能导致动物的与行为密切相关脑区如杏仁核,海马的兴奋性氨基酸及NMDAR数量增多,活性增高。突触间隙增多的兴奋性氨基酸与NMDAR结合后,通过激活NMDAR促进糖皮质激素的相关性释放,共同产生的兴奋毒性作用引起上述脑区的神经元细胞缺失和变性;或干扰其他中枢神经递质在动物行为的脑内奖赏机制中的正常功能;或通过持续激活NMDAR,导致细胞内Ca2＋超载,损害其信号传导途径下游的蛋白激酶级联反应,使其底物蛋白的磷酸化或去磷酸化作用发生改变,影响突触可塑性和神经细胞间的信号传递,导致动物出现相应的行为障碍。应激前给动物的上述脑区注射NMDAR阻滞剂,可以减轻动物的应激性焦虑和抑郁行为。而NMDAR依赖性LTP下游途径的新信号分子,神经颗粒素,参与了脑内多种蛋白信号传导,可能是应激性行为效应的另一重要中枢机制。     

急性应激影响工作记忆的生理心理机制

急性应激是机体面对外界环境变化所产生的一系列生理和心理反应, 对认知加工, 尤其是核心的工作记忆能力产生深远影响, 然而以往的研究存在大量不一致的结果。从应激诱发方式、工作记忆加工子成分、个体差异等三个方面系统阐释应激影响工作记忆的生理心理机制, 并结合认知神经机制的框架, 可以更好地理解以往的结果。未来研究应综合考虑应激诱发、认知任务和响应个体等方面的差异对应激带来的影响, 并关注急性应激负面影响的干预与调控。     

马普人类发展研究所毕生发展心理研究中心：研究主题和研究活动展示

Paul B. Baltes于1981年在马普人类发展研究所成立的毕生发展心理研究中心已经使毕生发展心理学成为了发展心理学中的一个重要的概念分支。2004年以来,中心已经将研究项目扩展到了发展行为神经科学。中心主要在三个主题上开展研究工作: (1) 研究作为成熟、学习和衰老的交互作用的结果, 毕生的不同发展阶段中人类行为变化的规律: (2) 发展能够整合来自于自身机能、时间序列、以及行为和神经层面分析等领域实证证据的理论和方法体系。(3) 通过探索不同年龄可塑性上的差异寻找发展的机制。中心继续重点关注成人晚期和老年期, 这为理论和实践上的创新提供了独特的机遇。同时, 中心加强了对包括婴儿期和儿童早期在内的个体发展早期阶段的研究。本文报告了来自四项从行为和神经层面分析感觉和认知发展的研究的最新发现。     

Addiction as an attachment disorder: implications for group therapy

This article presents a perspective on addiction that not only substantiates why group therapy is the treatment of choice for addiction, but also integrates diverse perspectives from 12-step abstinence-based models, self psychology, and attachment theory into a complementary integrative formula. Attachment theory, self psychology, and affect regulation theory characterize addiction as an attachment disorder induced by a person's misguided attempt at self-repair because of deficits in psychic structure. Vulnerability of the self is the consequence of developmental failures and early environmental deprivation leading to ineffective attachment styles. Substance abuse, as a reparative attempt, only exacerbates that condition because of physical dependence and further deterioration of existing physiological and psychological structures. Prolonged stress on existing structures leads to exaggerated difficulty in the regulation of affect, which leads to inadequate modulation of appropriate behavior and self-care and increased character pathology.     

The Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development: Overview of conceptual agenda and illustration of research activities

Founded in 1981 by the late Paul B. Baltes, the Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development has helped to establish lifespan psychology as a distinct conceptual approach within developmental psychology. Recently, the Center has extended its research programme into developmental behavioural neuroscience. Here, we provide an overview of the Center's conceptual agenda, and present two of its seven research projects in greater detail. Work at the Center is guided by three propositions: (1) to study lifespan changes in behaviour as interactions among maturation, learning, and senescence; (2) to develop theories and methods that integrate empirical evidence across domains of functioning, timescales, as well as behavioural and neuronal levels of analysis; (3) to identify mechanisms of development by exploring age-graded differences in plasticity. The Intra-Person Dynamics Project studies the organization of cognitive abilities within individuals of different ages, and investigates lifespan age differences in the plasticity and components of episodic memory performance. The Sensorimotor–Cognitive Couplings Project examines lifespan differences in dynamic dependencies between sensorimotor and cognitive performance. Both projects combine behavioural assessments with methods from developmental neuroscience to delineate age-graded changes in brain–behaviour mappings. Current research in other projects includes: (1) behavioural development in very old age, as assessed in the Berlin Aging Study; (2) the interplay of motivation, affect, and cognition in developmental regulation; (3) behavioural and electrophysiological mechanisms of social interaction from infancy to adulthood; and (4) formal and statistical issues in structural equation modelling, with an emphasis on latent growth curve modelling. Graduate education and research at the Center profit greatly from cooperation with other institutions in Berlin and Potsdam as well as from national and international collaboration.     

Shaping of scientific psychology in Japan

Japanese scientific psychology began with Y. Motora's lecture on pyschophysics at the University of Tokyo in 1888. He had just received his PhD under G.S. Hall at Johns Hopkins University, in the USA. He became the first professor of psychology in 1890 and founded the first psychological laboratory at the University of Tokyo in 1903. He studied many psychological problems, including attention, experimentally and theoretically. One of his first students, Matataro Matsumoto, founded the second psychological laboratory at Kyoto University and then succeeded to Motora's position in Tokyo. Matsumoto was interested in experimental studies of human performance and their applications. He trained many able psychologists and organized the Japanese Psychological Association in 1927. Some of his students founded more psychological laboratories in major universities of Japan. They introduced psychological tests, Gestalt psychology, and behaviourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Psychoanalysis was introduced through mainly nonacademic roots and became familiar to Japanese psychologists in the 1930s. After World War II, a strong influence of American psychology came to Japanese psychologists who had already trained in scientific methodology. The areas of research and applications have been greatly widened and the number of psychologists has increased rapidly up to the present day. Promotion of international interactions and indigenous traditions are both expected.     

催产素调控心理韧性:基于对海马的作用机制

心理韧性指个体面对逆境、挫折或重大威胁等应激情境下的有效且灵活适应的能力, 促进机体恢复正常的生理和心理功能。研究表明海马是调控心理韧性的重要脑区, 且催产素可能通过作用于海马增强心理韧性。海马内部环路内嗅皮层-齿状回-CA3可能调节恐惧记忆的泛化和消退以增强心理韧性; 海马外部环路齿状回-杏仁核-伏隔核及海马-伏隔核环路调节情绪, 可能分别通过促进奖赏和带来厌恶进而增强或降低心理韧性。催产素作用于海马增强心理韧性的可能途径有:催产素促进海马神经发生, 降低海马腹侧成熟神经元对应激的敏感性, 提高海马“模式分离”功能, 降低应激记忆泛化; 催产素恢复海马谢弗侧枝-CA1突触长时程增强, 促进机体适应应激; 催产素降低海马糖皮质激素受体水平, 重新建立机体稳态。     

Counselling Older Adults Living in Residential Aged Care Settings: Four Illustrative Case Studies

The role of psychologists and other mental health professionals in long‐term care settings is undefined in Australia. Graduate psychology students receive little training in clinical geropsychology, and residential aged care providers do not routinely employ psychologists within such settings. Further, despite high rates of depression, neurocognitive problems, and other mental health problems, residents are rarely referred for evidence‐based psychological treatment. This article presents four case studies showing how psychology services may be employed in such settings within the context of a postgraduate psychology placement programme. These case studies emphasise the importance of engagement, the use of flexible and individualised treatment approaches, and the involvement of family and professional carers in the provision of psychological services. Psychology services in residential settings can have a positive impact on the care of older adults and their families.     

An investigation into the impact of acute stress on encoding in older adults

Acute psychological stress commonly occurs in young and older adults’ lives. Though several studies have examined the influence of stress on how young adults learn new information, the present study is the first to directly examine these effects in older adults. Fifty older adults (M age = 71.9) were subjected to either stress induction or a control task before learning two types of information: a short video and a series of pictures. Twenty-four hours later, they were exposed to misleading information about the video and then completed memory tests for the video and pictures. Heart rate and cortisol measures suggest that a physiological stress response was successfully induced. Though pre-encoding stress had little impact on memory accuracy, stress did influence errors of omission on the cued recall test for the video. Findings are discussed in the context of previous research examining the effects of stress on memory in older adults.