242例戒毒女性人际关系和自尊水平的调查与分析

以甘肃省两大戒毒所242例戒毒女性为调查对象,运用自尊量表(The Self-esteemScale-SES,Rasenberg,1965)和背景资料调查问卷,探究影响戒毒女性自尊、人际关系的因素。结果发现：(1)吸毒持续时间对戒毒女性的人际关系具有显著性影响;而戒毒次数及吸毒持续时间与戒毒次数的交互作用对她们人际关系的影响并不显著。(2)戒毒女性的自尊评分与正常人群的自尊评分存在着显著性差异;(3)吸毒持续时间对戒毒女性自尊评分存在显著性影响;戒毒次数及吸毒持续时间与戒毒次数的交互作用对戒毒女性自尊评分的影响并不显著。     

2004至2016年中国大学生身体自尊的变迁:一项横断历史研究

大学生身体自尊是如何随年代变化的呢？研究对2004年至2016年107篇使用身体自尊量表的研究进行了横断历史研究,涉及大学生30738名。结果显示：（1）我国大学生身体自我价值感、运动能力和身体素质与年代有着显著正相关关系;（2）男女大学生身体自尊水平都有了一定提升;（3）男生在身体自尊各个因子的得分高于女生0.2~0.3个标准差,显示出了大学生在身体自尊水平上的性别差异;（4）从大学生整个群体来看,经济因素、高等教育因素与大学生身体自尊具有显著相关,而从不同性别群体来看,经济因素与人口压力对于男大学生的身体自尊影响更为明显。     

中学生一般生活满意度与家庭因素的关系研究

通过对兰州市190名中学生进行父母教养方式、生活满意度以及相关家庭因素的问卷调查发现：（1）家庭所在地,家庭经济水平,父母职业、文化程度对中学生一般生活满意度无显著影响;亲子关系满意度、对父母婚姻幸福程度的评价对中学生一般生活满意度的影响显著;（2）情感温暖型教养方式与中学生一般生活满意度显著正相关,惩罚严厉、拒绝否认型教养方式与中学生一般生活满意度显著负相关。（3）亲子关系满意度、父亲拒绝否认、母亲惩罚严厉型教养方式是预测中学生一般生活满意度的有力因子。     

自尊在四川地震孤儿的同伴关系和心理健康之间的调节作用

本研究基于心理弹性来考察汶川地震孤儿群体的自尊在其同伴关系和心理健康之间的调节作用。方法：采用自尊量表（SES）、同伴提名问卷及中国心理健康量表（CMHI）对401名五年级到初二的地震孤儿和对照组儿童进行自尊水平、同伴关系及其心理健康状况调查,使用结构方程模型来探查自尊在同伴关系和心理健康之间的调节作用。结果：自尊量表总评分对照组显著高于四川儿童;震后孤儿组在同伴接受方面程度最高;对照组的心理健康总评分和四川儿童没有显著差异;震后孤儿更多的投注于同伴接受,通过影响自我否定来间接影响心理健康;灾区非孤儿通过自我肯定的中介,调节了同伴拒绝对心理健康的影响。 结论：自尊在四川地震儿童的同伴关系和心理健康之间起着重要的调节作用,体现了自我修复的力量     

自恋与自尊：社会赞许性的中介作用

目的：考察社会赞许性在自恋与自尊关系中所起的中介作用。方法：对614名大学生进行自恋人格问卷（NPI）、自尊问卷（SES）、马洛一克罗恩社会赞许量表（MCSD）测评。结果：高自恋者的自尊水平显著高于低自恋者;自恋总分及权欲、优越感、自我钦羡三个因子与自尊显著性正相关,特权感因子与自尊负相关;自恋总分及权欲、优越感、自我钦羡因子对自尊有较好的直接预测效应,以社会赞许性为中介能更好地解释特权感因子与自尊的关系。结论：自恋与自尊关系稳定,自恋的权欲、优越感、自我钦羡因子预测健康的自尊,特权感因子预测防御性的自尊。     

初中生的自尊、受益者特征与亲社会行为的关系

以初中一至三年级学生为对象,采用自尊量表（SES）和帮助行为调查问卷进行测查,以探讨自尊、受助者特征对其亲社会行为的影响。结果表明：（1）在社会道德认知和自我意愿层面上,大多数初中生能表现出积极的亲社会性助人趋向,部分学生的行为决策判定具有不一致性;（2）初中生的自尊程度不影响对他人需要的注意、归因以及行为方式的选择,但与帮助行为的价值取向、行为意愿等认知、情感因素有关,能直接影响自主性的亲社会行为;（3）初中生有关潜在受益者特征的某种认知结果及其相应的情感体验,对帮助型亲社会行为趋向有重要影响;（4）初中生的自尊及其所知觉的潜在量益者特征在亲社会行为趋向中交互作用不显著。     

青少年的自尊与父母教育方式的关系——不同群体间的一致性与差异性

对８９５名初中阶段城乡青少年进行自尊和父母教育方式测量,考察青少年的自尊与父母教育方式的关系,以及这种关系在不同青少年群体中可能存在的差异。结果显示：（１）从总体上看,青少年的自尊与其报告的父母教育方式各维度之间有极显著或显著的正相关或负相关关系;（２）父母教育方式对青少年的自尊有较好的预测作用;（３）在不同青少年群体中,父母教育方式对自尊的影响存在某些差异。     

未成年犯童年期受虐待程度与攻击行为的关系：有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对广东省未成年犯管教所417名男性未成年犯进行调查,考察了自尊在未成年犯童年期受虐待程度与其攻击行为关系间的中介效应,以及感觉寻求在其中的调节作用。结果发现：（1）在控制了年龄、家庭月收入和父母受教育水平后,童年期受虐待程度可显著正向预测攻击行为;（2）自尊在童年期受虐待程度与攻击行为之间起部分中介作用;（3）感觉寻求显著调节自尊对攻击行为的影响,间接效应对于低感觉寻求的个体不显著,对于高感觉寻求的个体显著。     

泛文化的自尊——基于中国大学生的研究证据

过去一直认为,自尊是人类普遍的需要,是泛文化的。但是,过去十多年来,这一观点受到严重挑战。其主要理由是许多跨文化的研究显示集体主义文化下个体的自尊显著低于西方,少有自我促进的迹象。但是,几乎所有这样的证据都是来自自陈式测量。由于自陈式测量难以避免自我展现（Self-presentation）或社会期许（Social Desirability）的影响,并且严重依赖于个体的自我报告,本研究采用新的能够防止社会期许的影响并能触及无意识的内隐测量——阈下评价性启动（Subliminal Evaluative Priming）程序,对中国大学生的自尊进行了研究。结果发现中国大学生对自我持有显著的积极、肯定的评价,中国人存在内隐自尊。这表明,集体主义文化下的个体的自尊需要是存在的,只是以内隐的方式表现或在自我展现的影响最小化后表现出来。这一发现和自尊的泛文化论是一致的     

193例戒毒者人格类型及其与自尊、社会支持和应对策略的关系

以193名戒毒者为被试,运用问卷法和对数线性模型调查和分析了戒毒者个人背景及其与戒毒行为的关系,通过聚类分析概括出戒毒者的三种人格类型,并探讨了不同人格类型戒毒者在自尊、社会支持、应对策略上的特点及其关系。结果表明：(1)中低教育程度与中低经济收入显著正相关;男性所估计的戒毒时间远远少于女性;吸毒时间越长,复吸的可能性越大。(2)外向冲动型戒毒者的自尊水平最高,其次是内向顺从者,身心障碍者的自尊水平显著低于外向冲动者。(3)身心障碍者对支持的主观体验和利用程度越高,所采取的面对策略越多;所获得的支持越多,越少采取屈服策略。而内向顺从者和外向冲动者对所获支持的满意程度越高,越少采取面对策略;对支持的利用程度越高,所采取的屈服策略越多。     

THE INFLUENCE OF SEX-ROLE IDENTITY AND OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN

This study examined the extent to which sex-role identity as defined by Bem's typology is related to occupational attainment, self–esteem, and work satisfaction for 161 employed Asian American women. Three major hypotheses were tested: (a) Masculine and androgynous Asian American women have a higher level of occupational attainment than those with feminine and undifferentiated sex-role identity; (b) androgynous Asian American women have a higher level of self-esteem and a greater degree of work satisfaction than those with other types of sex-role identity; and (c) the higher the level of occupational attainment secured by Asian American women, the greater their work satisfaction and the higher their self-esteem. As predicted, sex-role identity was significantly related to occupational attainment. Androgynous Asian American women and those with a high level of occupational attainment had a higher level of self-esteem and a greater degree of work satisfaction than those with other types of sex-role identity. The implications of these findings for Bem's formulation of androgyny, its relation to occupational achievement, and its consequences for psychological health and work outcomes are discussed.     

Teenagers and illicit drug use—expanding the ‘user vs non-user’ dichotomy

The present study examines proximal and distal factors associated with the use and non-use of illegal substances within a sample of 860 teenagers in North Wales. Arguing that there is predictive utility in expanding the traditional ‘users vs non-users’ design dichotomy, four groups are identified — resistant and vulnerable non-users and experimental and repeated users. ‘Person’ variables (life satisfaction, deviance, hopelessness and drug-related attributions) appeared to primarily differentiate the vulnerable group from their resistant counterparts and identify this, as yet non-using group, with user samples. It is suggested that these variables might represent ‘risk’ factors for illicit substance use and that the group design employed suggests they precede, rather than follow as a consequence of, illicit drug use. Like their resistant counterparts however, the vulnerable group are differentiated from user samples on some lifestyle and context indices. It is argued that these represent ‘protective’ influences in an otherwise at-risk group of non-users. Variables associated with an escalation of illicit drug use are discussed in considering the differences between the experimental and repeated user groups. Apart from the more proximal factor of drug-related attributions, ‘person’ variables appeared less involved here. Repeated users did however, tend to use a greater number of drugs, have a greater proportion of friends who also used illegal substances and significantly fewer had a Welsh cultural identity.     

Self-esteem and higher-order factors of personality: A reply to Simsek

Simsek (2012) argued that earlier research by Erdle and colleagues on the relationship between self-esteem and higher-order factors of personality used “poor statistical methodology”, that “their results may be untenable”, and that the results of his “high-level data analysis” are “the first to show the importance of self-esteem in the differentiation between stability and plasticity”. In this rejoinder, it is argued that the statistical methodology used by Erdle and colleagues demonstrated the effect of controlling self-esteem on the relationship between stability and plasticity earlier and more accurately than that used by Simsek (2012). Moreover, it is argued that self-esteem might not be a biasing factor, but instead might be a theoretically expected substantive correlate of the Big Five and of higher-order factors of personality. Finally, it is argued that a hierarchical structure of personality, with a general factor of personality (GFP) at the apex, might have a neurological basis in the activity of the prefrontal cortices.     

SELF-ESTEEM AND JOB PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SELF-ESTEEM CONTINGENCIES

Although theoretical perspectives suggest self-esteem level (i.e., high/low) should have main and moderating effects on job performance, empirical and narrative reviews of the literature suggest such effects are either nonexistent or highly variable. To account for these mixed findings, we hypothesized that self-esteem level should only have main and moderating effects on job performance when one's self-esteem is not contingent upon workplace performance. Using multisource ratings across 2 samples of working adults, we found that the importance of performance to self-esteem (IPSE) moderated the effect of self-esteem level on job performance and moderated the buffering interaction between self-esteem level and role conflict in the prediction of job performance. Our results thus support IPSE as an important moderator of both main and moderating effects of self-esteem level.     

人格特质与外显自尊和内隐自尊的关系

自尊被认为与人格特质之间存在紧密的联系。近年来社会认知研究领域发现,在传统“外显自尊”以外,个体还存在一个“内隐自尊”结构。由于中国人格结构与西方“大五”人格结构存在系统性的差异,本研究试图考察在中国文化下个体的人格特质与自尊水平之间的关系。结果发现,外显自尊主要与中国人人格结构中的“自我指向”的人格特点关系紧密;内隐自尊作为一个独立于外显自尊的内隐态度结构,与各个人格特质不存在显著的相关     

自尊对失败后抑郁、焦虑反应的缓冲效应

以117名大二学生为被试,采用问卷调查与实验相结合的方法,考察了自尊对失败后的抑郁状态、焦虑状态两种不良情绪反应的缓冲效应。结果发现：(1)无论何种情况下,高自尊组的被试其抑郁和焦虑反应都明显少于低自尊组;(2)失败程序成功诱导了被试的抑郁和焦虑反应;(3)失败后,自尊并没有立即或直接缓冲被试的抑郁和焦虑反应;(4)策略处理后,自尊显著缓冲了两种不良情绪反应,且在不同条件下有不同的效果;但自尊水平与策略处理间的总体交互作用不显著。     

青少年自我价值感量表研究结果的元分析

采用元分析法对1998年到2011年间使用青少年自我价值感量表为工具的研究结果进行整合分析。结果发现,近十年来青少年自我价值感水平在各维度或层次上高于全国常模,且没有显著的性别差异;与年级常模相比,多数因子高于常模,中学生部分特殊自我价值感因子与常模差异不显著;青少年自我价值感的年代效应显著;研究目的、报告质量、地区、出版年代等因素仅对某些特殊自我价值感有影响,而对总体自我价值感没有系统的影响。     

吸毒者心理社会生活质量分析

本研究旨在考察吸毒者的心理社会生活质量。云南地区194名吸毒者和198名正常被试参与了此项研究。结果表明：1)吸毒者和正常人在幸福感、自尊感、社会交往焦虑感、无力感、无意义感等方面都有显著差异,吸毒者的心理社会生活健康质量较差;2)不同性别、从事不同工作、兄弟姐妹数目和父母教育水平不同的吸毒者的心理社会生活质量不同;3)首次吸毒和复吸的大多数原因是心理因素。本研究对有关结果对吸毒者戒毒及教育的指导意义进行了讨论。     

PERSONALITY AND SOCIO-FAMILIAL CORRELATES OF CONSERVATISM IN INDIAN YOUTH

Wilson (1973) proposed a theory that internal and external factors which lead to ‘generalized susceptibility to experiencing threat or anxiety in the face of uncertainty’ are responsible for the growth of conservatism. The present study explored the relationship of some such factors with conservatism in Indian university students (120 males, 72 females) aged 21–25 yrs. It was discovered that conservatism is characterized by low self-esteem, insecurity, anxiety and intolerance of ambiguity. It is related with lower SES and joint family system but unrelated with family size and birth-order. Conservatives are more likely to be of the older generation, of the fair sex and to have conservative parents. The findings, on the whole, lend support to Wilson's (1973) theory.