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认知神经心理学简介 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Max Coltheart 《心理科学进展》2008,16(1):4-9
认知神经心理学是认知心理学的一个分支。它的目的是探讨当人们执行认知活动的时候,心理信息加工过程是怎样的,所采用的手段是研究这些认知功能受损的病人。它与认知神经科学的不同在于:认知神经心理学关注的是心理(mind),而认知神经科学关注的是大脑(特别是关注与认知有关的大脑机制)。研究认知神经心理学的方法也可以用于研究发展性认知障碍,如阅读障碍,或者特殊的语言损伤,这就是发展性认知神经心理学。这些方法还可以用于高级认知发面的研究,如信念形成和心理理论。这些高级认知方面的障碍是精神病学的范畴,因此这类研究错觉、幻想或虚构等的认知神经心理学叫做认知神经精神病学。认知神经心理学的典型特征有:1)研究症状,而不是并发症;2)采用个案研究,而不是群体研究;3)主要数据来源是症状间的双分离;4)致力于模块化认知模型的建立。 相似文献
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The functional‐cognitive framework as a tool for accelerating progress in cognitive neuroscience: On the benefits of bridging rather than reducing levels of analyses 下载免费PDF全文
The subject matter of neuroscience research is complex, and synthesising the wealth of data from this research to better understand mental processes is challenging. A useful strategy, therefore, may be to distinguish explicitly between the causal effects of the environment on behaviour (i.e. functional analyses) and the mental processes that mediate these effects (i.e. cognitive analyses). In this article, we describe how the functional‐cognitive (F‐C) framework can accelerate cognitive neuroscience and also advance a functional treatment of brain activity. We first highlight that cognitive neuroscience can particularly benefit from the F‐C approach by providing an alternative to the problematic practice of reducing cognitive constructs to behavioural and/or neural proxies. Next, we outline how functional (behaviour–environment) relations can serve as a bridge between cognitive and neural processes by restoring mental constructs to their original role as heuristic tools. Finally, we give some examples of how both cognitive neuroscience and traditional functional approaches can mutually benefit from the F‐C framework. 相似文献
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抑郁症认知治疗理论及实践进展 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
认知治疗分化为认知行为与认知分析治疗两个流派。抑郁的贝克认知模型、归因模型、自我价值关联模型以及抑郁的注意过程等认知理论为认知治疗奠定了基础。认知行为治疗、认知行为分析系统心理治疗以及基于冥想的认知治疗等已经在实践中被较有力的临床证据检验。认知治疗在抑郁症的治疗中已显示出广泛的应用前景。 相似文献
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认知操作和认知方式与生态文化因素的关系 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
采用认识测试、查阅人类学资料、现场调查和谈话等多种方法探讨了我国不同生产方式、不同地区和不同民族460名成人的分析综合的认知操作和认知方式及其与生态文化因素的关系.认知测试分数的8×2×3的ANOVA协方差分析表明,在分析操作水平上存在着显著的组间差异、性别差异、年龄差异和协变量(现代化影响)的效应;在综合操作上,存在着显著的组间差异、年龄差异和协变量效应;在认知方式上,存在着显著的组间差异和协变量效应.Ste-pwise方法的多重回归分析表明,生态环境艰难程度、生产方式所决定的食物贮存程度、社会结构的紧密性、社会化的倾向性和现代化影响是预测被试认知操作和认知方式的有效因素.研究结果与“中国人认知操作和认知方式与生态文化关系”的理论模式所提出的预测基本一致,即研究结果支持了该理论模式. 相似文献
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Eduardo Mercado III 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(3):153-158
ABSTRACT— Some organisms learn to calculate, accumulate knowledge, and communicate in ways that others do not. What factors determine which intellectual abilities a particular species or individual can easily acquire? I propose that cognitive-skill learning capacity reflects (a) the availability of specialized cortical circuits, (b) the flexibility with which cortical activity is coordinated, and (c) the customizability of cortical networks. This framework can potentially account for differences in learning capacity across species, individuals, and developmental stages. Understanding the mechanisms that constrain cognitive plasticity is fundamental to developing new technologies and educational practices that maximize intellectual advancements. 相似文献
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简评认知神经科学取向的智力观 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着认知神经科学与生物技术的发展,现当代智力理论的构建明显地受到其影响。这些智力理论被称之为认知神经科学取向的智力观,如Garlick的神经可塑性模型;Das等人根据Luria的神经模型提出的智力PASS模型;Kaufman提出的儿童评估成套测验(K-ABC);Ceci的生物-生态学智力模型及Perkins的真智力理论等。这些智力观都直接将认知神经过程或神经生物学的某些研究成果融合于其理论模型之中。认知神经科学取向的智力观为智力研究提供了新的研究视角和思考维度,但同时也可能面临某种发展困境。第二代认知科学的具身认知思想可能是解决传统身-心争论的有效途径。 相似文献
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People can make pointing gestures and tracing actions with the index finger with little or no conscious effort. From the perspective of cognitive load theory, such “biologically primary” gestures and actions might help people learn “biologically secondary” concepts and skills requiring extended cognitive effort, such as reading, science, or mathematics. Studies on tracing or tracing and pointing have yielded mixed findings regarding hypothesized effects on intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load. The present study investigated whether computer-based instructions to trace elements of worked examples on angle relationships would affect school students' (N = 106) self-reports of intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load, as well as problem-solving transfer test performance. The tracing effect on transfer posttests seen in prior studies was replicated, but cognitive load hypotheses were not supported. Implications for educational practice and future research are discussed. 相似文献
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Donnchadh Murphy Emily Cornford Alice Higginson Alyson Norman Rebecca Long Rupert Noad 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2023,17(3):491-504
The Oxford cognitive screen (OCS) is a stroke-specific cognitive screening assessment. Although the test developers have provided psychometric information for the assessment, the OCS has received minimal external scrutiny, with which to triangulate the underpinning psychometrics. The purpose of this study is to provide a critical review and independent validation of the OCS. This study analysed data from an anonymised clinical database, which consisted of 316 patients who were assessed using the OCS on an Acute Stroke Unit. The rates of impairment on tests of memory and receptive communication were lower than expectation, suggesting that these subtests may be relatively insensitive. Patients with aphasia were more likely to be unable to categorised as impaired on non-language tests, suggesting that they remain sensitive to language processing or non-dominant hand usage. Some of the subtests of the OCS achieve high retest reliability, which makes them good candidates for measuring cognitive change over time. Although the OCS has many advantages, it is also important to adequately consider its limitations, that is insensitivity to memory problems, the potential confounding impact of non-dominant hand usage, and the potential that some tests may sample overall cognitive ability instead of domain-specific functioning. 相似文献
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在教育心理学发展了百余年之后,脑研究以认知神经科学的形式,重新回到她的怀抱。认知神经科学对教育心理学的影响,主要体现在能力、学习和教学上;对这两个领域的关系,应采用开放而谨慎态度,以促进各自研究的科学发展。 相似文献
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采用LLTM作测量与认知结合研究的初步探讨 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
心理测量学与认知心理学相结合是新型测验理论和测验设计的核心思想。这两者的结合需要理论证实的认知加工模型和基于现代测验理论之上的测量模型,本文以空间认知能力的加工过程为例,通过心理学的实证研究,探索了心理测量学与认知心理学相结合的切入点及理论模型。 相似文献
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Michael Malek-Ahmadi Jessica J. Powell Christine M. Belden Kathy O’Connor Linda Evans David W. Coon 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(6):755-761
The original validation study for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) suggests a cutoff score of 26; however, this may be too stringent for older adults, particularly for those with less education. Given the rapidly increasing number of older adults and associated risk of dementia, this study aims to provide appropriate age- and education-adjusted norms for the MoCA. Data from 205 participants in an ongoing longevity study were used to derive normative data. Individuals were grouped based on age (70–79, 80–89, 90–99) and education level (≤12 Years, 13–15, ≥16 Years). There were significant differences between age and education groups with younger and more educated participants outperforming their counterparts. Forty-six percent of our sample scored below the suggested cutoff of 26. These normative data may provide a more accurate representation of MoCA performance in older adults for specific age and education stratifications. 相似文献
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JEFF MCMAHAN 《Metaphilosophy》2009,40(3-4):582-605
Abstract: This essay explores problems of consistency among commonsense beliefs about the comparative moral status of animals, fetuses, and human beings congenitally endowed with cognitive capacities and potential no higher than those of higher animals. The possibility of genetic cognitive enhancement exacerbates some of these problems, but also offers new resources for understanding the basis of our moral status as inviolable. 相似文献
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认知科学的发展历程经历了符号范式、联结主范式和具身认知范式的演变。认知心理学范式演变折射出认知心理学研究方式转变和对人的心智探索的深化,同时也反映出关于身心关系实现了从传统的身心二元对立到当下身心一体论的超越;对其文化反思是引领心理学从离身认知到具身认知进程更趋合理化的基础。 相似文献
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认知诊断模型发展及其应用方法述评 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
认知心理学和心理测量学结合派生出的认知诊断理论, 利用现代统计方法和计算机技术作为工具, 诊断被试的认知结构和认知过程。认知诊断有多种模型, 不同的模型有不同的特点及应用条件。模型的选择和认知诊断方法的应用对认知诊断的结果有重要的影响, 因此在选择模型之时需要了解各种认知诊断模型的发展过程及优缺点。 相似文献
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以语义性错读为特征的深层失读症是一类特殊的阅读障碍类型,它的存在提示了人类在口语阅读过程中需要经过语义性通路。深层失读在拼音文字使用者中并不多见,但在汉语使用者中却多有发现,这种差别提示了汉字阅读与拼音文字阅读之间可能存在某种重要区别。该文概要介绍了深层失读的表现,比较了汉语深层失读与拼音文字深层失读的差异,阐述了深层失读的机制,同时介绍了深层失读病人的神经心理康复手段和方法 相似文献