共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
以往研究通常考查工作场所无礼行为对接收者个人和工作场所内相关结果的影响。而近来研究指出,无礼行为会超出工作场所的界限产生溢出效应,且工作场所无礼行为会对接收者之外的他人产生消极作用,即工作场所无礼行为的交叉效应。在综述国内外相关文献的基础上,总结出了溢出和交叉效应的产生机制,包括消极情绪和情感在无礼行为溢出效应中的中介机制,以及压力传递在无礼行为引发的消极情绪和行为反应与工作-家庭冲突中的中介角色;深入探讨了共情在无礼行为交叉效应中的调节机制和社会阻抑在无礼行为交叉效应中的中介机制;并建议未来相关研究选取新的结果变量视角、探究新的中介机制和边界条件以及进一步整合无礼行为的溢出和交叉的连锁效应机制 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
数字的精确性(精确 vs.大概)会影响人们的各种心理与推断, 本文在已有研究的基础上提出数字精确性与形状之间存在关联。具体而言, 精确数字会更有可能被感知为多角, 而大概数字更可能被感知为圆润。实验1和2分别通过内隐联想测试和消费情境确认这一效应的存在, 实验3进一步探讨了流畅性感知对上述匹配效应影响消费者产品评价的中介作用, 实验4则通过反转数字的性别象征意义, 提出了匹配效应的边界条件:当人们头脑中形成“精确=女性、大概=男性”的联系时, 会产生精确数字-圆润形状和大概数字-多角形状的匹配关系。这些结果说明了数字信息与形状信息之间存在认知关联, 它对理解个体如何加工数字信息、形状信息以及企业如何利用这些信息提供了一定的启发意义。 相似文献
5.
为探讨青少年公正世界信念与抑郁的关系,以及感恩和自尊在二者关系中的作用机制,采用公正世界信念问卷(BJW)、感恩问卷(GQ-6)、自尊量表(SES)和流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)对1049名高中学生进行调查。结果发现:(1)青少年公正世界信念、感恩和自尊两两之间呈显著正相关,且三者均与抑郁呈显著负相关。(2)青少年公正世界信念通过感恩和自尊的中介作用对抑郁产生影响,且该中介效应包含了三条中介路径——感恩的简单中介效应,自尊的简单中介效应,以及感恩→自尊的链式中介作用。研究结果揭示了青少年公正世界信念对抑郁产生影响的内部心理机制,为引导青少年更好地利用公正世界信念提升感恩和自尊的水平以及更好地促进心理健康发展提供了有益建议。 相似文献
6.
为考察不良生活经历对大学生冷酷无情特质的影响机制,采用问卷法调查了湖南省4所学校1872名大学生。结果发现:(1)心理弹性在不良生活经历与大学生冷酷无情特质之间具有部分中介效应,不良生活经历既对冷酷无情特质产生直接影响,也能通过心理弹性对冷酷无情特质产生间接影响;(2)社会支持利用度对心理弹性的中介作用具有调节效应,它调节了中介过程的前半路径和后半路径。因此,不良生活经历对大学生冷酷无情特质的影响具有调节的中介效应。 相似文献
7.
该研究采用自编大学生父母依恋问卷、自编大学生学校适应问卷、自尊量表、对人坚信量表改编版、青少年自主性问卷对454名大学生施测,考察父母依恋对大学生学校适应的作用机制。结果表明,父母依恋通过4条途径对学校适应产生间接影响:1)以自尊为中介再通过自主性对学校适应产生正效应;2)以信任他人为中介再通过自主性产生负效应;3)直接以信任他人为中介产生正效应;4)直接以自主性为中介产生正效应。 相似文献
8.
9.
个体对原始信息的记忆受到随后错误信息的影响而产生错误记忆被称为错误信息效应.通过对新近研究的梳理与归纳,发现错误信息效应的研究热点集中于解释效应产生机制的理论研究以及效应的影响因素研究.因此,本文重点归纳和述评了错误信息效应的五种理论和三类影响因素.未来的研究建议从以下几方面开展:第一,错误信息产生机制和理论研究;第二... 相似文献
10.
11.
William P Wilson 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1976,22(1):113-122
A differential encoding hypothesis for the lag effect in free recall was tested developmentally. Fourth- and eighth-grade children and college adults were shown a list of words, with some repeated at various lag intervals. Lag functions in repeated word recall were found to vary with age. An encoding hypothesis, modified to provide specificity for the time at which differential encoding takes place, was used to account for the results. Finally, it was suggested that the lag paradigm could be utilized to assess developmental differences in processing strategies, as perhaps a more sensitive, and general, alternative to the overt rehearsal technique. 相似文献
12.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between goal specificity and task performance, with specificity operationalized as a continuous quantitative variable reflecting the range of performance levels individuals chose as their personal goals. It was hypothesized that, controlling for goal difficulty, specific personal goals would be associated with higher levels of task performance. It was also hypothesized that task strategy would mediate the relationship between goal specificity and performance and that specific goals would be associated with smaller goal-performance discrepancies. The results from a sample of 162 college students working on an eye-hand coordination task supported the hypothesis concerning goal-performance discrepancies. They hypotheses regarding task strategy and the relationship between goal specificity and performance were supported only on the second of two trials. 相似文献
13.
Belmaker RH 《CNS spectrums》2008,13(8):682-687
Along with the development of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors there has been a tremendous widening of the definition of depression and an impressive decrease in the placebo-drug difference in controlled studies. In the early 1960s, about one third of depressed patients improved with placebo and two thirds with active compounds. Current controlled studies suggest that the situation has certainly not improved. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression Study found that response rates to new compounds after the failure of the first antidepressant are low. The monoamine hypothesis of depression was formulated in the mid 1960s based on the antidepressant efficacy of the monoamine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and the depressogenic effects of reserpine as a monoamine depleter. However, no monoamine-related finding has been found that is diagnostic for depression. A second major hypothesis regarding depression has been the stress cortisol hypothesis. However, blood cortisol levels are not diagnostic of depression. Psychiatric clinicians are convinced that there are patients for whom antidepressants have made the difference between life and death. However, physicians may generalize unjustifiably based on single dramatic cases to a much larger diagnostic group. Perhaps there are many causes of different types of human sadness, and perhaps only some of these involve mechanisms related to monoamines. Thus, perhaps only some kinds of depression are responsive to monoamine affecting antidepressants.. 相似文献
14.
Phantom limb experiences demonstrate an unexpected degree of fragility inherent in our self-perceptions. This is perhaps most
extreme when congenitally absent limbs are experienced as phantoms. Aplasic phantoms highlight fundamental questions about
the physiological bases of self-experience and the ontogeny of a physical, embodied sense of the self. Some of the most intriguing
of these questions concern the role of mirror neurons in supporting the development of self–other mappings and hence the emergence
of phantom experiences of congenitally absent limbs. In this paper, we will examine the hypothesis that aplasic phantom limb
experience is the result of an ontogenetic interplay between body schemas and mirror neuron activity and that this interplay
is founded on embedding in a social context. Phantom limb experience has been associated with the persistence of subjective
experience of a part of the body after deafferentation through surgical or traumatic removal. We maintain that limited association
is inconsistent with the extent to which phantom limb experience is reported by aplasic individuals. 相似文献
15.
Since the World Council of Churches (WCC) was founded in 1948 both diakonia and diaconate have been on the agenda of the organisation. As time has passed the understanding of these concepts has changed, and the theological importance given to them has varied due to external and internal factors. In this article I shall describe this development. My basic hypothesis is that the reflection on diakonia and diaconate has followed two separate tracks, the first considering diakonia as inter-church aid in contexts of human need, while the entry point of the second has been the ecumenical perception of the Church's ministry and within it a possible renewal of the diaconate. It is my hypothesis that these two tracks to a large degree have not been interrelated, but have mainly been isolated from each other. In my opinion this has limited the reflection on both concepts, and consequently both have lost momentum in ecumenical theology. 相似文献
16.
The situational specificity hypothesis of selection procedure validity makes two predictions. The first is that variation in observed validities across settings is caused by real differences in what constitutes job performance. Validity generalization studies to date have provided disconfirming evidence for this prediction by showing that the observed variation is due to statistical and measurement artifacts. The second prediction is that if the situation (i.e., the organization, the setting, the job, the test and the criterion) is held constant, then validity findings will not vary from study to study. This article tests this prediction empirically using data from a unique series of studies reported by Bender and Loveless (1958). The results are contrary to the situational specificity hypothesis and consistent with the hypothesis that variation in observed validities is due to statistical and measurement artifacts that are unrelated to situations and settings. It is concluded that both major predictions of the situational specificity hypothesis have now been empirically disconfirmed. 相似文献
17.
Glenn D. Walters 《Aggression and violent behavior》2013,18(6):797-802
The violence graduation hypothesis assumes a direct causal link between animal cruelty and interpersonal aggression. This hypothesis is based on two postulates: (1) that animal cruelty precedes interpersonal aggression, and (2) that the effect is specific to violent forms of antisocial behavior. The current study was designed to test the second of these two postulates: i.e., specificity. Comparing reports of prior animal cruelty in violent and non-violent prisoners and patients, a 14-study meta-analysis revealed that the violent group was significantly more likely to have a history of animal cruelty than the non-violent group. Although this seemed to support the violence graduation hypothesis, uncontrolled differences between the violent and non-violent groups provide an alternative explanation of these results. In a second meta-analysis using a different set of studies (k = 5), animal cruelty was found to correlate as well with non-violent offending as it did with violent offending in male and mixed gender samples. These latter results suggest that at least in males, the animal cruelty–offending relationship is not specific to violence and that theories other than the violence graduation hypothesis may be required to explain the modest association that exists between animal cruelty and violent offending. 相似文献
18.
Physical interaction and association by contiguity in memory for the words and melodies of songs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Three experiments were designed to investigate two explanations for the integration effect in memory for songs (Serafine, Crowder, & Repp, 1984; Serafine, Davidson, Crowder, & Repp, 1986). The integration effect is the finding that recognition of the melody (or text) of a song is better in the presence of the text (or melody) with which it had been heard originally than in the presence of a different text (or melody). One explanation for this finding is the physical interaction hypothesis, which holds that one component of a song exerts subtle but memorable physical changes on the other component, making the latter different from what it would be with a different companion. In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated the influence that words could exert on the subtle musical character of a melody. A second explanation for the integration effect is the association-by-contiguity hypothesis, which holds that any two events experienced in close temporal proximity may become connected in memory such that each acts as a recall cue for the other. In Experiment 3, we investigated the degree to which simultaneous presentations of spoken text with a hummed melody would induce an association between the two components. The results gave encouragement for both explanations and are discussed in terms of the distinction between encoding specificity and independent associative bonding. 相似文献
19.
In multicausal abductive tasks a person must explain some findings by assembling a composite hypothesis that consists of one or more elementary hypotheses. If there are n elementary hypotheses, there can be up to 2n composite hypotheses. To constrain the search for hypotheses to explain a new observation, people sometimes use their current explanation—the previous evidence and their present composite hypothesis of that evidence; however, it is unclear when and how the current explanation is used. In addition, although a person's current explanation can narrow the search for a hypothesis, it can also blind the problem solver to alternative, possibly better, explanations. This paper describes a model of multicausal abductive reasoning that makes two predictions regarding the use of the current explanation. The first prediction is that the current explanation is not used to explain new evidence if there is a simple (i.e., nondisjunctive, concrete) hypothesis to account for that evidence. The second prediction is that the current explanation is used when attempting to discriminate among several alternative hypotheses for new evidence. These hypotheses were tested in three experiments. The results are consistent with the second prediction: the current explanation is used when discriminating among alternative hypotheses. However, the first prediction—that the current explanation is not used when a simple hypothesis can account for new data—received only limited support. Participants used the current explanation to constrain their interpretation of new data in 46.5% of all trials. This suggests that context-independent strategies compete with context-dependent ones—an interpretation that is consistent with recent work on strategy selection during problem solving. 相似文献
20.
In this paper we test two hypotheses that stem from the work of Mellers, Chang, Birnbaum and Ordonez ( 1992 ). The first hypothesis is that in a binary gamble, the ratio of WTA to WTP is decreasing in the probability attached to a nonzero event. The second hypothesis is that this ratio is independent of the size of stakes. We find support for the first hypothesis, but mixed support for the second. The second hypothesis holds in the case of gains, but not in the case of losses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献