马蹄足与马蹄内翻足的分类及外科治疗策略

马蹄足与马蹄内翻足畸形是下肢畸形中最常见的畸形,其成因复杂,治法众多。为规范治疗及疗效评价,因此有必要对畸形进行分类。以便更好地制定手术策略。秦泗河等国内外学者为此做了大量的工作。对马蹄足及马蹄内翻足进行分类并制定手术策略。根据其成因将畸形分为:先天性、麻痹性、创伤性及痉挛性等。分型的目的是为了更好的治疗,一个良好的手术方案的设计和实施应该达到:足部无疼痛;能用足底负重;步态及外形美观;能穿正常的鞋;足要有弹性;病人及家属满意。将各种畸形逐渐细化,制定手术策略。简要评价了Ilizarov技术在马蹄足畸形矫治方面的应用。     

历史的轮回——关于马蹄内翻足的治疗体会

先天性马蹄内翻足是一种儿童先天性疾病,畸形非常复杂,治疗方式多种多样,从简单的手法矫形（Ponseti方法）到各种复杂的手术松解,再回到简单的手法矫形,治疗的理念发生了颠覆性的改变,从长期随诊结果来看,简单的手法矫形（Ponseti方法）是治疗先矢性马蹄内翻足的首选方法。     

导言：外固定与肢体重建——符合生态医学的新学科

29岁的内蒙古青年,15年前车祸伤致小腿肌肉广泛坏死,遗留整个小腿皮包骨头,重度马蹄内翻足,用足背负重行走,去过多个大医院检查都建议膝关节下截肢,在秦泗河的矫形骨科用细钢针穿骨安装骨外固定器（Ilizarov环式外固定器）,术后通过缓慢牵伸,足内翻畸形完全矫正,可以用足底全负重弃拐行走,避免了截肢。在秦泗河矫形外科用这项技术治疗的5000多例患者中,已经挽救了30多例濒临截肢的下肢残缺畸形,使许多无望、悲观的患者重新迈上了新生活。     

拇外翻畸形的发生、发展与外科矫正

拇外翻的发生有内因和外因两个方面,其发病是外因通过内因作用于足的一个过程.遗传、足结构的异常和一些全身性疾病都是常见的内因.而足部负重和鞋的挤压等是常见的外部原因.随着畸形的发展,会引起拇趾一系列病理改变.认识这些病理变化对拇外翻治疗有着重要的意义.手术是治疗拇外翻的主要方法.治疗中既要重视恢复足的功能也要重视足的外观.手术方式的选择主要取决于病理改变,另外,术者还应熟悉每种手术的适应证,同时要考虑患者的年龄和要求以及术者的经验和条件,选择最适合患者的手术方法.     

拇外翻畸形的发生、发展与外科矫正

拇外翻的发生有内因和外因两个方面,其发病是外因通过内因作用于足的一个过程。遗传、足结构的异常和一些全身性疾病都是常见的内因。而足部负重和鞋的挤压等是常见的外部原因。随着畸形的发展,会引起拇趾一系列病理改变。认识这些病理变化对拇外翻治疗有着重要的意义。手术是治疗拇外翻的主要方法。治疗中既要重视恢复足的功能也要重视足的外观。手术方式的选择主要取决于病理改变,另外,术者还应熟悉每种手术的适应证,同时要考虑患者的年龄和要求以及术者的经验和条件,选择最适合患者的手术方法。     

慢性乙型肝炎治疗路线图的评价——应答指导的临床治疗策略

慢性乙型肝炎治疗路线图是根据患者对抗病毒药物应答的不同、用病毒及其抗原水平在治疗的整个过程中对患者进行科学管理、制定治疗策略、确定治疗时间的一种优化治疗方案.本文将从它的可行性和意义、重要性、治疗策略的确定及在临床上应用的局限性等方面进行论述.     

单纯后路手术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床应用

对收治我科的16例胸腰椎结核患者行一期后路病灶清除、植骨融合内固定手术,术后评价结核控制及植骨愈合程度等,并用ASIA分级及评分对神经功能情况进行统计学分析.术后资料示植骨融合、畸形矫正满意,无结核复发.患者感觉和运动功能ASIA评分改善具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).因而合理应用本法治疗胸腰椎结核可作为临床骨科医师优先考虑的手术方式.     

用"你"表述物体的功能会抑制成因对分类的影响

已有研究显示物体的成因等变量会影响人造物概念的分类;但这种影响的中介变量为何,基于设计和基于用途的理论有不同的假设.实验采用物体自由命名任务,在陈述物体的功能时,操纵角色词的类型(旁观者"有人"和使用者"你"),比较被试对物体的命名在领域水平的分类倾向.结果发现,呈现"旁观者"角色词时,呈现或不呈现物体自然形成的成因故事会造成不同的分类倾向;但是在呈现"使用者"角色词时,成因故事对分类倾向的影响消失了.提示物体的功能是成因和分类的中介变量,支持基于用途的人造物分类模型.     

自然重建理念治疗股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位

股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位是骨科常见病,随着人们生活模式的改变发病率有所上升.对该病的成因、流行病学、病理转归、临床治疗策略与髋关节严重病损后功能重建等问题,学术界存在很大争议.作者提出从生物进化的角度、用自然重建理念做指导,应用髋关节分离牵拉术治疗股骨头坏死、骨盆补充截骨术重建青少年严重病损的髋关节功能人、组合性矫形手术治疗年长儿先天性髋关节脱位,获得了优良效果.因此呼吁:用自然重建理念治疗青少年股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位,降低人工假体置换对此类疾病的手术指证.     

二年级小学生“记”“忆”策略的微观发生研究

采用微观发生法,以33名小学二年级学生为被试,以记忆书面语词的分类材料为任务,对儿童记忆过程中"记"、"忆"策略的不同发展规律进行了5个期间的测查.结果发现:(1)分类记忆策略的发展既有突变过程也有渐变过程:分类记策略有生成缺陷,表现为训练后的突然变化;分类忆策略则是一个可以自发形成的渐变过程,如果加以适当的训练也会发生突然的增长.(2)在材料熟悉度较低的情况下,会使少量儿童产生分类记、忆策略使用缺陷现象.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.