森田疗法与认知行为疗法的比较分析

规律是客观的,而规则具有主观性,虽然两者本质上不同,但他们又是相关的。从口腔临床医学规则的制定过程来看,我们不难得出结论:口腔临床医学规则的制定要遵循临床医学的一般规律,突出口腔临床医学的特点,并受到我国经济、文化、政治等因素的影响,且随着这些因素的改变而改变,以适应新的环境条件。     

临床医学人文:困境与出路——兼谈叙事医学对于临床医学人文的意义

当下,医学人文正滑向空壳化,如果它无法融入临床路径和制度,就难以根植于临床大夫的观念与行为,推动临床医学人文从自发走向自觉,对医学人文关怀的临床价值,推动医学人文关怀进入临床的观念和路径等方面存在认知误区.剖析了造成医学人文悬空的诸多职业惯性与制度设计缺陷,极力推介丽塔·卡蓉的"叙事医学"范式,重点介绍了"平行病历",希望以此为契机推动医学人文关怀真正贴近临床,融入现代诊疗制度.     

从黄金规则到钻石规则——论天赋与差别的伦理学

黄金规则以道德主体的共性为基础,在所谓合乎道德的行为里,道德主体是可以被替代的。这显然没有考虑到道德主体之间的差别。钻石规则以道德主体的差别为基础,特别突出天赋上的差异,但又不是对黄金规则的否定,而是对它的补充。在这里,道德规则不再束缚人,而是最大限度地刺激人在道德领域作出最勇敢的行为。以钻石规则作为补充的伦理学要求人用自己最大的能力去回应他人最大的需求,鼓励每个人做只有他自己才能做得最好的事,从而有助于开发人的潜能,为人的创造提供论证。     

遵循伦理思想史发展的规律,注重正确的人生观、道德观培养——“西方伦理思想史”的教学改革实践

中国人民大学进行“西方伦理思想史”的教学已经有三十年来年的历史,在我们进行其教学与改革的实践中,注重伦理思想内在发展的规律性的变化和宏观的社会历史时期的特征.其次,伦理学是一门与人们的道德精神生活内在相关的学科,一部西伦史,也就是一部对于善与幸福的探索史,从建构论的观点看,学习知识是一个与原有的知识融合的过程.因此,我们在教学过程中,注重正确的人生观和道德观的培养.     

Sweeping dishonesty under the rug: how unethical actions lead to forgetting of moral rules

Dishonest behavior can have various psychological outcomes. We examine whether one consequence could be the forgetting of moral rules. In 4 experiments, participants were given the opportunity to behave dishonestly, and thus earn undeserved money, by over-reporting their performance on an ability-based task. Before the task, they were exposed to moral rules (i.e., an honor code). Those who cheated were more likely to forget the moral rules after behaving dishonestly, even though they were equally likely to remember morally irrelevant information (Experiment 1). Furthermore, people showed moral forgetting only after cheating could be enacted but not before cheating (Experiment 2), despite monetary incentives to recall the rules accurately (Experiment 3). Finally, moral forgetting appears to result from decreased access to moral rules after cheating (Experiment 4).     

What to do and how to do it: sequence learning of action effects and transformation rules

Many goal-oriented actions, for example in tool use, can be characterized by the involvement of two components: The effect that the acting person wants to achieve and the transformation rule that defines the relationship between a bodily movement and the associated action effect. Both in conjunction specify the concrete action that has to be executed. In our experiments, we utilized a sequence learning paradigm to investigate whether these components are represented separately or are bound together to form a more holistic representation of the action. Participants switched between different transformation rules to achieve certain action effects. In one group, there was a fixed sequence of action effects, with randomly varying transformation rules. In the other group, the sequence of transformation rules was fixed, whereas the action effects were randomly varying. Results indicate that both kinds of sequences can be learned and provide evidence for the notion that transformation rules and action effects are represented separately.     

The utility of a multifoci approach to the study of organizational justice: A meta-analytic investigation into the consideration of normative rules,moral accountability,bandwidth-fidelity,and social exchange

Multifoci justice pulls from research on social exchange theory to argue that despite the proliferation of rule sets in the literature (often referred to as the “types” of justice), individuals seek to hold some party accountable for the violation/upholding of such rules, and it is these parties (e.g., supervisors, the organization as a whole) that are most likely to be the recipients of attitudes and behaviors (i.e., target similarity effects). To explore these issues, we meta-analytically (k = 647, N = 235,682) compared the predictive validities of source- vs. type-based justice perceptions and found that (a) multifoci justice perceptions more strongly predicted outcomes directed at matched sources than did type-based justice perceptions, (b) multifoci justice perceptions more strongly predicted target similar than dissimilar outcomes, and (c) the relationships between multifoci justice perceptions and target similar outcomes were mediated by source-specific social exchange.