国外卫生“守门人”制度功能演变对我国的启示与思考

卫生体制的改革是令各国政府关注的世界性议题。对卫生系统的研究既要关注宏观结构的转变又要关注微观具体政策的功能,既要考虑政策实施的刚性又要注重发挥市场的配置效应。着重讨论非市场体制的代表英国、市场体制的代表美国、混合体制的代表澳大利亚三个国家“守门人”的特征功能,及不同时期其角色和功能的演变,尤其是对我国现行医疗体制的启示与思考。     

基督徒应当有平衡的信仰

"平衡"是相结合的意思,因此,我们基督徒既要身体健壮,又要灵命健壮,既要信、知、又要行。既要爱神,又要爱人。     

浅谈舞蹈教学中的"口传"与"身授"

舞蹈课是一门理论性和技能性很强的课程.要搞好舞蹈教学,既要注重"口传"(口头讲解),又要注重"身授"(动作示范),二者缺一不可.口头讲解可以帮助学生正确理解舞蹈的风格及内涵,做到既知其然,也知其新以然;形象直观的动作示范,是舞蹈教学最具实质意义的中心环节,可以使学生通过模仿正确把握要领,取得事半功倍的效果.     

"生命"何以成为一个哲学概念?

生命在当下的时代,已经越来越变成固步自封、束缚创造的惯性模式和价值预设.这尤其在德勒兹式的生命主义那里达到极致.对德勒兹主义进行批判性反思,既要基于技术与生命彼此纠葛的悖谬现实,又要回归其思想发展的内在脉络.从"内在生命"到"欲望—机器",观念论和生命论之间看似牢不可破的内在联结却日渐解体,生命亦最终脱离了哲学的掌控,...     

"中苏论战"与中国社会主义体制的选择

本文从经济、政治、文化三方面对"中苏论战"作了系统论述,阐明了"中苏论战"时中苏两国的社会生产力发展状况及各自执行的国内政策,揭示了中国当时经济、政治、文化发展的曲折过程、经验教训和"中苏论战"对中国社会主义体制建设的影响.     

"伦理转向"还是"技术转向"

<哲学研究>2001年第1期曾推出"哲学为什么要关注技术"的笔谈,其核心词汇是"技术转向".正如李河先生对该词汇所做的有限的质疑一样,"技术转向"缺乏某种历史的底蕴.然而,如同吴国盛先生所强调的,即使如此,它仍然可以作为一种口号来"唤起"人们对一种发展趋势的关注.李河还指出,"技术转向"同样缺乏逻辑的依据.     

美国基督教界的"新保守派之父"尼布尔的复活

美国政治神学家莱因霍尔德·尼布尔有"新保守派之父"之称.在9.11事件之后,他的思想再次得到了人们的关注.但由于尼布尔思想的复杂性,也导致了对他的种种误读.要想真的理解他的复活,就必须进入到他后期的应用政治神学中去.尼布尔对美国力量在世界事务中的使用的看法具有一体两面,即对美国历史的反讽和对帝国力量的承担的思考.作为一个公共哲学家,尼布尔的思考很能代表美国基督教思想,特别是不同于欧洲基督教界的特点.     

如何正确练习钢琴

如何学习钢琴.是许多青少年和家长关注的问题.在钢琴教学中,既要重视学生的正确练琴方法,又要注重对学生的听力、读谱能力及旋律、节奏等音乐知识的培养,从而增强学生对音乐的理解能力和表现能力.学生才能在今后的钢琴演奏中挥洒自如地弹出非常动听的音乐.     

美术及设计专业陶艺课程的项目式教学研究

艺术设计专业的陶艺设计课程有其自身的授课特点,既要满足专业方向的发展需要,又要保留自身学科的完整性。随着全国地方性高校向应用技术型转型发展的政策推行,该课程更要与社会、市场进行紧密结合。因此陶艺课程的教学模式也应适时做出调整,而陶艺课程的项目式教学模式对艺术设计专业的转型发展有着重要的深化作用。     

凝固的音乐——上海大剧院设计的美学分析和鉴赏

在鉴赏现代建筑艺术时,既要看到其外形.又要认识其内涵.本文以上海大剧院为例,指出它具有形态美、色彩美、高技术美、功能美、材质美.简约美等多重审美特征.     

The Return Of The Religious

Recents discussions of expansion in the European Union and the possibility of envisioning a Muslim country in it has exacerbated the deep-seated anxiety about Islam among the liberal and extreme right in Europe. This paper suggests that there are recurring elements in the discourse of European cultural identity and one of these elements is the representation of Islam in its alterity to European identity and civilization. Questioning the thesis of a radical break with the Christian past, this paper questions whether the European cultural identity which is being formed today signifies a break with a religious form of identification. The liberal and extreme right opposes Turkish membership on the grounds that the differences between ‘European values’ and ‘European culture and lifestyle’ and Turkey's culture are what makes the latter essentially and fundamentally external to the essence of Europe. Tracing the remnants of Christian discourse in the contemporary fashioning of European identity, this paper discusses how Christianity, with its secularized versions, which are now displaced to culture and lifestyle, still holds a privileged position as a unifying theme in Europe. It suggests that one of the tests that awaits Europe is whether it will be capable of articulating a new but democratic identity for Europe, one that is responsive to the differences of the other or whether it wants to continue to be European by way of its old methods of exclusion.     

The Red and The Real

It is often claimed that principles of individuation imply essential properties of the things individuated. For example, sets are individuated by their members, hence sets have their members essentially. But how does this inference work? First I discuss the form of such inferences, and conclude that the essentialist inference is not a purely formal matter: although there is a form which all principles of individuation have in common, it is not true that any statement of that form is a principle of individuation, and hence there is no valid inference based purely on that form. However, I argue that there is a viable version of the essentialist inference nonetheless. The resources for a proper reconstruction of this type of inference can be gathered from reflections upon the role principles of individuation play in the project of the ontologist: such principles turn out to carry a modal weight similar to that of definitions or conceptual truths. It follows that, no matter how austere the ontology, some portion of essentialist modality is inevitable.     

医学教育人文精神缺失的弊端及对策

人文精神本是医学学科的根本要旨之一,然而,目前医学教育中普遍存在着人文精神缺失的状况.从医学教育的宗旨、医学模式的转变、医学生的综合素质、医患关系方面剖析了人文精神缺失的弊端并提出了相应对策.     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The neglected bulimic: The nonpurger

For nearly 10 years bulimia has been recognized officially as a distinct eating disorder, and yet in that time only minimal attention has focused on the nonpurging subtype. The present investigation compared 21 DSM-III-R diagnosed nonpurging bulimics with 22 non-eating-disordered controls on three standardized questionnaires and during a unique assessment task. In this procedure subjects imagined that they were the character in a series of slides and audiotaped flooding scenes. The content of the stimuli ranged from food and weight cues to issues hypothesized to play a role in the development or maintenance of bulimia (e.g., rejection or loss of control fears). A MANOVA conducted on the three questionnaires was highly significant, with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Restraint Scale being responsible for the elevated bulimic scores. A repeated-measures ANOVA performed on the self-report ratings during the exposure task also achieved significance, as the bulimics reported higher anxiety reactions than controls to each experimental stimulus. Significant skin conductance reactions were detected when a group of only the most psychophysiologically responsive bulimics and controls were compared. The importance of continued comprehensive evaluations with DSM-III-R nonpurging bulimics was emphasized.This research was supported by grants both from the University of New Mexico's Research Allocation Committee and the Biomedical Research Support Grant committee. Portions of this paper were presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy annual conference, Boston, November 1987.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.