《中国人群死亡及其危险因素：流行水平、趋势和分布》的主要发现

简要描述了中国人群的死亡变化趋势,主要死因构成,在不同地区和人群中的分布。结果表明结核等传染病、母婴疾病死亡率下降,冠心病、脑卒中、糖尿病、肺癌、肝癌等疾病死亡率上升明显。吸烟与被动吸烟、不良膳食习惯、静坐生活方式,是慢性病上升的重要因素;酒后驾驶等交通违章行为与每年上升10%的交通伤害死亡率密切相关。     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者吸烟状况及认知程度调查

以2010年7月到2011年12月因下肢动脉硬化闭塞症入院的186名患者为对象,对他们的身体状况、生活方式、吸烟习惯以及对吸烟的态度进行调查,并对调查结果进行统计分析.以调查下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者吸烟情况,同时分析其对于烟草产品危害性的认识.约88.2%的下肢动脉硬化症患者吸烟或经常接触二手烟.而45岁～59岁及59岁以上男性患者组吸烟率高于男性总人群.患者用于治疗烟草相关慢性病的费用较高,66%的患者以要花费30%以上的年收入用于治疗疾病;17.57%患者患病后未戒烟或减少吸烟,继续吸烟的人主要是由于受周围环境的影响,减少吸烟数量或者已经戒烟的人主要是出于自身健康的考虑.可以推断,下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者吸烟率高于全人群.大部分的受调查的下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者投入了较大的收入比重用于治疗烟草相关慢性疾病.吸烟者对于吸烟的危害性认识不足.     

浅谈饮食与癌

不同国家不同地区在癌症发病率的差异很可能与不同国家、不同地区人民的饮食习惯有着密切的关系 ,某些食物中含有潜在致癌物 ,而某些食物的成份又有助于预防癌的发生。目前媒介也把主要注意力放在食物与癌的关系上。研究表明 ,因癌症死亡的人中有 35%是饮食方面的原因 ,但食物致癌的论点又常常引起争论。ｌ　吸烟与癌1.ｌ　吸烟造成的癌死亡率占全部癌症死亡率的30 % :吸烟是人类患癌的主要原因 ,吸烟与肺癌发病有直接关系 ,80 %的肺癌是吸烟所致[1] 。由于肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤 ,占全部癌病死亡率的 2 0 %以上[1] 。吸烟还与其它几种癌的…     

脑血管病防治任重而道远

目前,我国居民前5位死亡原因依次是脑血管病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、心脏病以及损伤和中毒.全国每年新发病例250万,死于脑血管病超过150万,幸存者600万～700万,残疾率高达75%.中国脑血管病直接医疗费用年平均增长速度为18.04%,年均增长速度几乎倍于同期GDP增长速度(8.95%).更为严重的是,随着人口老龄化、城市化进程的加快及不良生活方式的影响,我国脑血管病发病呈逐年上升的趋势,防治形势将日益严峻.国际间比较研究显示,中国人群脑血管病的发病率和死亡率高于国际平均水平,仅次于前苏联或东欧等少数几个国家.     

中国控烟状况与干预对策

目前国内控烟文献从人群吸烟状况及吸烟影响因素、控烟干预策略及其效果、控烟能力等多角度,探讨了我国的烟草控制问题.在综合已有有效地控烟策略基础上,提出加强控烟教育和宣传、发挥医务人员在控烟中的表率作用、综合使用各种措施控烟等针对性建议,对中国长期有效的控烟具有深远意义.     

生物-心理-社会医学模式与控烟及吸烟相关性疾病的防控

大量流行病学研究证实,吸烟是导致肺癌的首要危险因素.因此,控烟才是解决问题的根本途径.本文简述了吸烟的主要危害及目前我国吸烟的现状,在此基础上提出需要在生物-心理-社会医学模式的理论框架下全面考虑控烟及吸烟相关疾病的预防和管理.     

预防行为与健康

预防行为是针对健康而言的又可称健康行为,是指人类为了保护与促进健康主动改变有害健康行为的自我保护性活动。预防行为可分为很多种类,一类是按与健康的利害关系分为健康行为与不健康行为两种;第二类按属性可分为本能行为、防御行为、适应行为、服务行为四种;第三类按社会层次可分为社会行为、社区行为（或团体行为）、个体行为。预防行为就是要改变当代人群中吸烟、过量饮酒、高胆固醇高盐饮食、缺乏体育锻炼、滥用药物及不洁性行为等不健康行为。预防和控制癌症,心、脑血管疾病、性病等,以保护和促进人群健康。     

浅谈心血管疾病预防的重要性和可操作性

心血管疾病是人类死亡的主要病因,其危险因素包括吸烟、血脂异常、糖尿病、高血压、肥胖等.目前我国医务工作者限于治疗疾病,忽视疾病预防,这种模式过于被动,需要高昂的医疗支出.如果不做好心血管疾病的预防工作,将会极大影响国民经济增长.因此改善生活方式、预防心血管疾病发生,形成疾病预防模式就显得尤为重要,并具有可操作性.     

中国控烟状况与干预对策

目前国内控烟文献从人群吸烟状况及吸烟影响因素、控烟干预策略及其效果、控烟能力等多角度,探讨了我国的烟草控制问题。在综合已有有效地控烟策略基础上,提出加强控烟教育和宣传、发挥医务人员在控烟中的表率作用、综合使用各种措施控烟等针对性建议,对中国长期有效的控烟具有深远意义。     

色素上皮源性因子在心脑血管疾病伴发糖尿病中的检测意义

本研究检测了心血管疾病患者中的血清色素上皮源性因子(PEDF)水平,观察其表达水平在心脑血管疾病中与其他伴发疾病的关系,即与吸烟、体重、高血压、蛋白尿、糖尿病等指标进行深入分析.发现PEDF的水平与糖尿病发病呈正相关;进一步的研究发现将重组人PEDF刺激培养的胰岛细胞,发现胰岛细胞分泌胰岛素功能受损,提示心血管疾病中,检测患者血液中的PEDF表达量可起到预测糖尿病发生,并提示胰岛细胞功能异常的作用.     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.