羞怯对小学中高年级学生学业求助的影响：有调节的中介

采用问卷调查法,以936名小学生为被试,探究了羞怯对小学生学业求助的影响机制。结果发现：（1）羞怯显著正向预测小学生的执行性求助和回避性求助,显著负向预测工具性求助（老师/同学）;（2）自尊在羞怯与小学生学业求助各维度的关系中都起到了中介作用;（3）班级环境在羞怯和自尊,自尊和工具性求助（老师）的关系中起着调节作用。研究结果揭示了羞怯影响学业求助的作用机制,对教育者引导学生形成适应性学业求助具有启示意义。     

Perceived parental involvement and well-being among Ethiopian adolescents

This study examined the relationship between perceived parent academic socialisation of their children and the children’s well-being in four domains: depression, self-esteem, school adjustment, and substance use. The participants consisted of 809 Ethiopian high school students, mostly male (52.9%) (mean age = 16.8 years; SD = 1.58 years). Data were collected using self-report measures of perceived parental involvement in education support, depression, self-esteem, school adjustment, and substance use. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict aspects of child well-being from parent child academic socialisation. Generally, results showed that increased level of parental academic socialisation predicted lower depression symptoms, school adjustment problems, substance use, and also increased self-esteem among adolescents.     

The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Attitudes and Shyness among Turkish Youth: Fear of Negative Evaluation and Self-esteem as Mediators

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between three perceived parental attitudes and shyness, testing self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation as mediators. The study used a total of 492 undergraduate students in Turkey. Data was collected through measures of shyness, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and perceived parental attitudes. The proposed model was estimated using path analysis. Goodness of fit statistics showed that the model fit the data well. Results indicated that parental acceptance/involvement predicted self-esteem; perceived parental strictness/supervision predicted fear of negative evaluation; and perceived parental psychological autonomy predicted self-esteem. Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between parental acceptance/involvement and shyness, whereas it fully mediated the relationship between parental psychological autonomy and shyness. Fear of negative evaluation fully mediated the relationship between parental strictness/supervision and shyness. In addition, the relationship between self-esteem and shyness was partially mediated by fear of negative evaluation. The findings provided evidence for the propositions that parental attitudes are important in the development of self-image and fears of rejection which result in the experience of shyness.     

The relationship between negative parenting and child and maternal temperament

The purpose of the present study was to examine how negative parenting, namely coercive and abusive parenting, relates to maternal and child temperamental characteristics, based on Belsky’s model of parenting. In addition to the unique effects of child temperamental characteristics (approach, perceptual sensitivity, soothability, persistence, and reactivity), we investigated how child temperamental characteristics play a moderating role between maternal temperamental characteristics (negative affect, effortful control, extraversion and orienting sensitivity) and negative parenting. Participants were 209 mothers of preschool children (M_age = 50.01 months, SD = 5.75) from 48 child care centers across the capital city of Turkey. Two sets of hierarchical regression analyses showed that coercive parenting was predicted by child reactivity, perceptual sensitivity, maternal negative affect, and effortful control. In addition, maternal SES and negative affect were related to abusive parenting. Furthermore, interaction between maternal extraversion and child’s persistence predicted coercive parenting. For children with high levels of persistence, maternal extraversion levels did not make any difference in the level of abusive parenting. However, for children with low levels of persistence, mothers who had high levels of extraversion were more likely to display coercive parenting. Consistent with Belsky’s model, both child and maternal characteristics were related to parenting. While both maternal and child characteristics were associated with coercive parenting, only maternal negative effect was associated with abusive parenting.

     

Relationships between Parental Maltreatment and Adolescents’ School Adjustment: Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Peer Attachment

Parental maltreatment of children has been steadily increasing in Korea despite national efforts to curb it. Children and adolescents who experience maltreatment develop psychological and social maladjustment. Therefore, mediating variables alleviating the negative effects of parental maltreatment on child development should be investigated to develop effective intervention programs. We identified the direct effects of parental abuse and neglect on adolescents’ school adjustment and the mediating effects of adolescents’ self-esteem and peer attachment on the relationships between parental abuse and neglect and their school adjustment. We used data from 2351 middle school students who participated in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Structural equation modeling revealed the following: child neglect directly and negatively related with adolescents’ school adjustment, whereas child abuse did not. Further, while adolescents’ self-esteem and peer attachment mediated the relationship between child neglect and school adjustment, adolescents’ self-esteem alone mediated the relationship between child abuse and school adjustment. These findings imply that there is a need to develop different intervention programs based on child maltreatment types. Finally, we suggested that the negative effects of parental neglect on adolescents’ school adjustment could be alleviated by adolescents’ self-esteem recovery resulting from peer support. On the other hand, in the case of adolescents experiencing parental abuse, self-esteem recovery through education and counseling provided by teachers or respected adults could be prioritized.     

学步儿童的不顺从行为与亲子互动的关系

通过对138名学步儿童及其母亲的观察研究,分析儿童的不顺从行为与亲子互动之间的关系。结果表明:(1)在亲子互动中,母亲的言语策略多于身体策略。(2)母亲的模糊言语显著地正向预测儿童的反抗,母亲的远处身体指导显著地正向预测消极不顺从。(3)母亲的反应性与明晰言语、模糊言语、积极身体指导和远处身体指导正相关,与严厉言语和消极身体指导负相关。(4)儿童反应性负向预测消极不顺从和拒绝/协商行为。     

Mothers’ Gender-Role Attitudes and Their Responses to Young Children’s Hypothetical Display of Shy and Aggressive Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of child gender and maternal gender-role attitudes in mothers’ reactions to hypothetical vignettes depicting their preschool-aged child displaying aggressive and shy behaviors. Participants were 78 mothers of preschool-aged children (43 girls, 35 boys; M _age?=?47.44?months, SD?=?11.00) living in a mid-sized city in Ontario, Canada. Mothers provided reports of their gender-role attitudes and rated their expectancies and emotional/behavioral reactions following hypothetical vignettes depicting their child displaying physically aggressive and shy-withdrawn behaviors. It was hypothesized that mothers would respond with more negative (and less positive) emotions and expectancies in response to children’s gender-incongruent problem behaviors (i.e., shyness among boys, aggression among girls). It was further hypothesized that these gender effects would be more pronounced among mothers espousing more traditional (i.e., less egalitarian) gender-role attitudes. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that mothers anticipated more negative consequences to aggression among boys than among girls. Several significant interaction effects also emerged between child gender and maternal gender-role attitudes, particularly with regards to children’s shyness. Among mothers of boys, a more egalitarian gender-role attitude was associated with greater anticipated benefits of shyness, and both more positive and more negative emotional responses to shyness. For mothers of girls, however, the opposite pattern emerged. Results provide some support for the notion that mothers may enforce gender-typical social behaviors in their children, particularly if they themselves hold more traditional gender-role attitudes.     

Passive Students in Junior High School: The Associations with Shyness, Perceived Competence and Social Support

Relationships between passivity in school and shyness, perceived competencies and social support were assessed in a sample of 501 pupils (241 girls and 240 boys) in grades 8, 9 and 10 from two secondary schools in a city in the southern part of Norway. The analyses revealed a positive significant association between passivity in school and shyness. Findings also showed significant negative associations between passivity in school and scores of perceived social competence. Support from school peers, teachers and parents were also negatively associated with passivity. In addition the interaction between gender and perceived social competence yielded a significant association with school passivity.     

Early Childhood Anxious Solitude and Subsequent Peer Relationships: Maternal and Cognitive Moderators

It was hypothesized that the relation between early anxious solitude and subsequent peer relations would be moderated by early relational (maternal sensitivity) and individual factors (child school readiness). Participants were 1364 children from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Anxious solitude was assessed by child care providers from 2 to 4.5 years, maternal sensitivity was observed during mother–child interactions from 2 to 4.5 years, school readiness was tested at 3 years, children's interactions with a friend were observed at 4.5 years, and friendship quantity and peer rejection were assessed by first grade teachers. Results indicate that anxious solitary children who had experienced high versus low early maternal sensitivity contributed significantly more actively to positive interaction and less actively to negative interaction with a friend at 4.5 years (these results were contingent on school readiness), and had more friends and were less rejected by peers in first grade. Although high school readiness predicted interactive competency and positive peer relationships in children low in anxious solitude, these benefits were suppressed in anxious solitary children.     

An exploration into the influence of academic and social values, procrastination, and perceived school belongingness on academic performance

The results of a structural equation model showed that a tendency to procrastinate, assessed early in college students’ first term, was positively related to social values, assessed as concerns over social exclusion, but was negatively related to academic task values and grade goal-setting. The results suggest that procrastination may be a partial mediator of the influence of academic and social values on perceived school belongingness. In addition, the tendency to procrastinate had a direct negative relationship with self-regulatory self-efficacy and perceived school belongingness and was positively related to perceived stress near the end of the term. There was also a statistically significant negative total effect of procrastination on performance-approach and mastery-approach goal orientation and end-of-term grade point average (GPA). Statistically significant positive total effects of performance-approach and mastery-approach achievement goal orientations on GPA were found. However, while a statistically significant direct positive effect of performance-approach orientation on GPA was found, a direct relationship between mastery-approach orientation and GPA was not statistically significant.     

The impact of hope, self-esteem, and attributional style on adolescents’ school grades and emotional well-being: A longitudinal study

We examined the distinctiveness of three “positive thinking” variables (self-esteem, trait hope, and positive attributional style) in predicting future high school grades, teacher-rated adjustment, and students’ reports of their affective states. Seven hundred eighty-four high school students (382 males and 394 females; 8 did not indicate their gender) completed Time 1 measures of verbal and numerical ability, positive thinking, and indices of emotional well-being (positive affect, sadness, fear, and hostility), and Time 2 measures of hope, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. Multi-level random coefficient modelling revealed that each positive thinking variable was distinctive in some contexts but not others. Hope was a predictor of positive affect and the best predictor of grades, negative attributional style was the best predictor of increases in hostility and fear, and low self-esteem was the best predictor of increases in sadness. We also found that sadness at Time 1 predicted decreases in self-esteem at Time 2. The results are discussed with reference to the importance of positive thinking for building resilience.     

大学生自我价值感领域权变性与主观幸福感的关系

为了探讨自我价值感领域权变性与主观幸福感之间的关系,186名大学生参加了问卷调查。对调查数据进行了多元线性回归分析和结构方程建模分析。结果表明,自我价值感的人际接纳权变性对积极情感产生负向的直接效应,并通过自我价值感对积极情感和消极情感分别产生负向的和正向的间接效应;自我价值感的道德原则权变性则对生活满意度和积极情感均产生正向的直接效应,并通过自我价值感对积极情感和消极情感分别产生正向的和负向的间接效应。     

母亲受教育水平和青少年学业自尊的关系:母亲教养方式的中介作用和性别的调节作用

本研究探索了母亲教养方式在母亲受教育水平与青少年学业自尊关系间的中介作用,以及性别对上述中介效应的调节作用。以715名初中生为被试,采用母亲教养方式量表、儿童自尊量表进行测量。结果发现,母亲受教育水平能够正向预测青少年的学业自尊;母亲温暖、拒绝、惩罚的教养方式在母亲受教育水平和青少年的学业自尊之间起部分中介作用;并且上述中介作用受性别的调节。相比男生,母亲温暖的教养方式更显著正向预测女生的学业自尊;母亲拒绝和惩罚的教养方式更显著负向预测女生的学业自尊。提升母亲受教育水平,对于促进母亲的积极教养和降低母亲的消极教养,进而促进青少年形成积极的学业自我评价有重要的意义。     

The Mediating Role of Creative Process Engagement in the Relationship between Shyness and Self‐Rated Creativity

Shyness has been found to have a negative impact on creativity. However, little attention has been given to the underlying process of the relationship between shyness and creativity. On the basis of literature, we hypothesize that shyness has an indirect impact on creativity through creative process engagement. Two studies were conducted on undergraduate students (Study 1) and working adults (Study 2) to test the hypothetical relationship. Analysis on participants self‐report showed that shyness was negatively associated with self‐reported creativity as well as creative process engagement. There was a positive relationship between creative process engagement and creativity. More importantly, mediation analysis supported that shyness was indirectly linked to creativity via creative process engagement. Specifically, shy people are found to be less involved in creativity‐relevant processes such as information searching and idea generation. The low level of creative process engagement, in turn, hinders their creativity. The findings not only lend support to the detrimental effect of shyness on creativity but also shed light on the underlying mechanism of the relationship.     

Problem Clarity as a Moderator between Trait Affect and Self‐Perceived Creativity

Empirical studies on the relationship between affect and creativity often produce conflicting results. This inconsistency has led us to believe that the relationship between affect and creativity may be better understood by looking at potential moderators. Our study looked specifically at trait affect and self‐perceived creativity. Using the Affect Infusion Model (AIM) theory with problem clarity as the potential moderator, we hypothesized that when individuals are faced with problems that lack clarity, trait affect has greater sway over their self‐perceived creativity. Our results provided evidence that problem clarity moderated the relationship between positive trait affect and self‐perceived creativity; the positive relationship between positive trait affect and self‐perceived creativity is stronger when problem clarity is low and weaker when problem clarity is high. No moderating effect was found in the relationship between negative trait affect and self‐perceived creativity.     

Enhancing positive affect and divergent thinking abilities: Play some music and dance

This study compares the effect of dance on affect and cognition to music or exercise, in a young, non-clinical population. Participants were asked to complete tests of mood and creativity before and after spending 5 min either listening to music, dancing, cycling or sitting quietly. Both dancing and passively listening to music enhanced positive affect, decreased negative affect and reduced feelings of fatigue. Cycling and sitting quietly had no effect on positive mood or feelings of fatigue. Moreover, dancing and passively listening to music had dissociable effects on different aspects of creativity, with greater change in positive affect being associated with greater enhancement in measures of verbal and non-verbal creativity, respectively. We suggest that these findings support the use of either short duration dancing or passively listening to music as potentially powerful tools in enhancing emotional well-being and different aspects of divergent thinking in non-clinical settings.     

压力性生活事件与青少年自尊：被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用

采用青少年生活事件量表、被动性社交网站使用量表、生命意义感量表以及自尊量表对605名青少年施测,旨在探讨压力性生活事件对自尊的效应以及被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用。结果发现：被动性社交网站使用和拥有人生意义感在压力性生活事件与自尊之间起中介作用,压力性生活事件分别通过被动性社交网站使用、拥有人生意义感的中介作用和被动性社交网站使用与拥有人生意义感的序列中介作用对自尊产生效应。     

Risk and resilience: Dual effects of perceptions of group disadvantage among Latinos

Several decades of research on the psychology of minority status has yielded highly discrepant findings. Substantial research suggests that perceptions of discrimination are linked to inferior self-regard and poor mental health, whereas other studies indicate that perceptions of discrimination are protective of global self-esteem. We tested a theoretical model of the combined (negative/positive) effects of perceived group disadvantage on self-esteem among Latinos. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that perceptions of group disadvantage were indirectly related to self-esteem through two principal pathways. The total (direct and indirect) effect on self-esteem was not significant, suggesting that, among Latinos, the deleterious consequences of perceived belonging to a devalued and disadvantaged group were fully counterbalanced by the positive effects of intervening variables. More complex models may be needed to characterize fully the self-protective and detrimental consequences of perceived group disadvantage among Latinos.     

Internal/External Locus of Control,Self-Esteem,and Parental Verbal Interaction of At-Risk Black Male Adolescents

Abstract

We investigated the relationship between three factors—internal/external locus of control, self-esteem, and parental verbal interaction—for at-risk Black male adolecents in the United States. Forty-two male students in Grades 6, 7, and 8 who had been identified by their teachers as being at risk completed the Locus of Control Scale for Children (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973), the Self-Esteem Inventory (Coopersmith, 1967), and the Verbal Interaction Questionnaire (Blake, 1991). A moderate positive relationship found between self-esteem and parental verbal interaction was consistent with a previous finding for White high school students. A moderate negative relationship found between locus of control and self-esteem differed from a previous finding of no significant relationship for Black elementary children. A weak, yet significant, negative relationship was found between locus of control and parental verbal interaction.     

压力性生活事件与青少年自尊：被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用

采用青少年生活事件量表、被动性社交网站使用量表、生命意义感量表以及自尊量表对605名青少年施测,旨在探讨压力性生活事件对自尊的效应以及被动性社交网站使用和人生意义感的中介作用。结果发现：被动性社交网站使用和拥有人生意义感在压力性生活事件与自尊之间起中介作用,压力性生活事件分别通过被动性社交网站使用、拥有人生意义感的中介作用和被动性社交网站使用与拥有人生意义感的序列中介作用对自尊产生效应。