自我概念的理论回顾及发展走向

自我概念是人格心理学中重要而最有争议的问题。本文通过对自我理论研究中自我概念的结构、形成与发展以及功能等方面的梳理与分析,探讨自我理论发展的弱化、研究方法的综合化、研究的应用性以及文化性等发展走向。     

Phases of Group Development: A View from Self Psychology

This paper delineates four phases of group development from the standpoint of self psychological theory. The author contends that a stable sense of groupself develops over time and that the groupself has a distinct number of phases, each of which has a therapeutic impact on members. The individual patient's selfobject experiences include a relationship to the group-as-a-whole, a transference state of which the leader is but one part. Thus, rather than dilute the transference, group analysis offers a unique opportunity to help the individual experience him or herself within a selfobject matrix that extends beyond the dyad. Group analysis leads to a strengthening of the self, especially as it enables the self to experience itself as part of a group identity, which provides alter-ego selfobject experiences, as well as a sense of acceptance within a larger community. This paper attempts to clarify how different selfobject experiences may be highlighted within the groupself at different stages of group development.     

A Dance Between the General and the Specific: Implications for the Self Concept

After discussing the cultural and the psychological basis of the phenomenon of homophobia, Madureira comes to the conclusion that a dance between the general and the specific is necessary for overcoming homophobia. What is the relation of such a dance and the self-concept? How the self concept may be explicated from a more dynamically constituted perspective is discussed. The relation of homophobia as a boundary phenomenon and Boesch’s conception of the familiar and unfamiliar then leads to the conclusion of the person situated in a sphere, as co-inhabitants of other persons as well as the media they employ.     

Motivation and the Self Concept: Persisting Goals of Young Women and Men

This study undertook to measure important goals and their persistence over time for young men and women belonging to two age groups using a theoretical framework derived from recent advances in motivation which links motivation to the self concept. A method for categorising subject goals was adapted from Nuttin (1985), namely the Motivational Content Analysis. The new system for categorising goals can be useful to psychologists, vocational counsellors, etc. Results of the study indicated that females had more persisting goals than men, and that there were significant main effects for sex in persisting goal types of Physical, Character, Autonomy, Intimacy and Contact in General with others. Sex × age interaction effects were found for Character and Autonomy, with 20-year-old females obtaining significantly higher scores for these persisting goals than other groups. Findings are discussed in terms of gender identity, and what Nuttin (1984) calls “crossroads” in adult development.     

From Gaming to Hating: Extreme-Right Ideological Indoctrination and Mobilization for Violence of Children on Online Gaming Platforms

As a consequence of numerous extreme-right terror attacks in which the perpetrators posted their manifestos and attack life streams on online platforms adjacent to the video gaming community, as well as radicalized within that environment to a significant degree (e.g., Christchurch, New Zealand; Halle, Germany), increasing scholarly and policymaker interest is focusing on far-right radicalization and recruitment within online video game environments. Yet little empirical insights exist about the specific engagement between right-wing extremists and their potential recruits on these platforms. This study presents findings from a qualitative exploration of German police-investigation files for two children who radicalized on gaming platforms to become involved in extreme-right criminal behavior, including the plotting of a terrorist attack. The study demonstrates the importance of online and offline factor interaction, especially regarding the role of familiar criminogenic factors, as well as the social–emotional bonding between potential recruits and extremist gamers created through shared gaming experiences that lead to high-intensity extremist radicalization aimed at offline behavioral changes. The study did not find evidence for strategic organizational far-right recruitment campaigns, but rather multidirectional social-networking processes which were also initiated by the potential recruits.     

斯多亚主义的治疗性哲学和自我的观念

本文分析了斯多亚主义哲学的伦理学本质,指出希腊化哲学的实践理性特征.具体地说,它表现为对于人的疾病(激情支配下的人的生存状态)的诊断,通过治疗提供一种新的生活方式.斯多亚主义透过把哲学还原为自我的操练,为现代性视野下的个体性生存了古典思想的根源.     

Value Congruence and the Vocational Self Concept of School Counselors

A model based on self concept theory has been presented for the consideration of the vocational values of school counselors. A study of the hierarchy and congruence of their values is interpreted as demonstrating a high degree of self-awareness, a foundation for movement toward the ideal self, and a measure of strong satisfaction with their career identification.     

布朗芬布伦纳从襁褓走向成熟的人类发展观

布朗芬布伦纳的思想在人类发展理论中占有着举足轻重的地位,这个一直处于演进之中的理论实现了人类发展观从静到动的转变,开创性的提出了一个全新的视角与理论框架.文章沿着历史的轨迹,完整记述了布朗芬布伦纳思想的起源与演进,重点关注了生态学视角中全新的人与环境关系、发展中人的概念和环境的概念,以及生物生态学模型中过程、人、环境、时间概念和相关应用中存在的问题.     

A Buddhist Explanation of Episodic Memory: From Self to Mind

In this paper, I argue that some of the work to be done by the concept of self is done by the concept of mind in Buddhist philosophy. For the purposes of this paper, I shall focus on an account of memory and its ownership. The task of this paper is to analyse Vasubandhu’s heroic effort to defend the no-self doctrine against the Nyāya-Vai?e?ikas in order to bring to the fore the Buddhist model of mind. For this, I will discuss Vasubandhu’s theory of mind in the early Abhidharma as well as post-Abhidharma period to show the continuity in his work.     

Between Minimal Self and Narrative Self: A Husserlian Analysis of Person

The distinction between minimal self and narrative self has gained ground in recent discussions of selfhood. In this article, this distinction is reassessed by analysing Zahavi and Gallagher’s account of selfhood and supplementing it with Husserl’s concept of person. I argue that Zahavi and Gallagher offer two compatible and complementary notions of self. Nevertheless, the relationship between minimal self and narrative self requires further clarification. Especially the embeddedness of self, the interplay between passivity and activity, and the problems of uniqueness and persistence are better understood with Husserl’s analysis of person and its central concepts of position-taking, habitualities, and overall style. The embeddedness of self is elucidated by outlining how person is related to its environment, to other people, and to its past. This relational notion of self is both passively constituted and actively shaped: person mediates between minimal self characterized by perspectival ownership and narrative self based on authorship.     

自我概念对两类怀旧广告诉求有效性的影响

在怀旧风潮盛行的大背景下, 怀旧广告日益受到了广告主的青睐。然而, 由于怀旧诉求未能正确匹配目标受众, 导致一些怀旧广告的无效甚至是起反面效果。基于此, 通过区分个人怀旧诉求和虚拟集体怀旧诉求, 并将其联结于消费者的两种自我概念形态(独立自我与互依自我), 经由两个实验探查了受众的自我概念形态对不同怀旧广告诉求的反应。实验一采用2(怀旧诉求：个人怀旧与虚拟集体怀旧)×2(自我概念：独立自我与互依自我)组间因子设计, 检验自我概念形态是否对个人怀旧诉求广告、虚拟集体怀旧诉求广告的效果起调节作用; 实验二通过对自我概念采用不一样的操控方式, 对认知反应进行更加有效的测量, 对同一被试接触到怀旧广告信息前后的品牌态度进行对比等, 重复检验了实验一的研究结果。实验结果显示：独立自我程度高的消费者往往偏好于个人怀旧诉求, 而互依自我程度高的消费者往往偏好于虚拟集体怀旧诉求。研究结果表明：怀旧虽是一项很好的广告题材, 但在具体应用时, 需要注意怀旧诉求与目标受众的匹配性。本研究拓展了自我概念这一重要心理变量在怀旧广告领域的应用; 同时, 论文研究结果对于怀旧营销、跨文化营销也有一定的启示意义。     

Use of Self: A Brief Report

One of the effects of crisis in a family is that the members become fixed in rigid attitudes with strong, narrow limits imposed on the free flow of feelings. A way for the family therapist to free up the members of such a system is to introduce his own affect into the structure. A child may be required to help the therapist gain entry.     

Development Towards Wisdom and Maturity: Sufi Conception of Self

By applying results from in-depth interviews with older Iranian Sufis residing in Sweden, this article describes the benefits of the value system of Sufism prizing mystical union above self-realization. As persons conceive of themselves as all forming parts of other-than-self rather than as separate selves, the result is tolerance towards other people's opinions and the vanishing of hostile feelings and competition. Compassion and identification with the whole of creation allows Sufis to avoid the sense of loneliness and exclusion felt by so many immigrants.