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1.
This study examined age differences in the accessibility of a single pool of naturally occurring intentions both before and after completion. Following Maylor, Darby, and Della Sala (2000), accessibility was measured in terms of the number of activities generated in a 4‐minute activity fluency task. Each participant undertook two such tasks. A prospective task in which they generated activities intended for completion during the following week and a retrospective task, 1 week later, in which they generated activities carried out over the previous week. In a partial replication of Maylor et al.'s findings, young, but not healthy older, adults generated more to‐be‐completed intentions than completed ones, demonstrating an intention‐superiority effect (ISE) for everyday activities. The absence of an ISE for older adults appeared to reflect the reduced accessibility of intentions prior to completion, rather than the impaired inhibition of fulfilled intentions. Moreover, both groups showed greater inaccessibility of completed than intended activities, thus demonstrating an intention‐completion effect for naturally occurring intentions that is preserved in healthy ageing (cf. Marsh, Hicks, & Bink, 1998). Despite showing a reduced accessibility of intended activities, older adults reported having completed a greater proportion of their intentions during the week than young adults. Moreover, there was a correlation between the ability to access intentions and the proportion of intentions completed only for young adults. These observations suggest that older adults' everyday prospective memory performance may be relatively less dependent on intention accessibility and more dependent on other factors. While there was no age difference in the reported use and effectiveness of external retrieval aids, older adults demonstrated a greater level of temporal organization in the production of their intentions in the fluency task. This is consistent with the possibility that older adults may have more structured daily lives and may be able to use information about the sequence of ongoing events to support superior everyday prospective remembering. 相似文献
2.
《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(2):288-296
Knowledge of the personality trait and psychopathology variables that differentiate neuropsychologically impaired and nonimpaired psychiatric patients has been limited relative to the study of higher cortical functions. This study reports findings from the Milton Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) developed by Millon (1982) in a sample of hospitalized schizophrenics and depressives who also received the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. The principal findings indicate that neuropsychological dysfunction may be related to substance abuse, including its underlying personality dimensions, in schizophrenia, but only modest support is indicated for the construct of negative symptoms in schizophrenics with neuropsychological dysfunction. Further, the findings do not support the view that psychosis is a characteristic feature of depressives with impaired neuropsychological performance. 相似文献
3.
Intentional memory is defined as the ability to remember to perform intentions in the future. Forming an intention such as
“shopping” activates access to memories related to the products on the shopping list. As Intention Superiority Effect (ISE)
studies show, these memories are more accessible in semantic and episodic memory, more activated over time and protected from
competing representations. The inhibition of competing representations in intentional memory has been little examined so far.
In this study we attempt to analyze changes in activation in the recall of products on a shopping list and competitors through
implicit memory tasks. Sixty-five participants learned two shopping lists on a computer. Later, they were told to virtually
buy one of them (prospective list) and not the other (neutral list). Prior to intentional task execution, they performed an
implicit retrieval task in which we manipulated the appearance or not of cues from the intentional list and analyzed the influence
of the items from the intentional list on items related to intentional and neutral lists. The main result of this study is
that intention retrieval by intentional cues strengthens the activation of products related to the intentional list and/or
inhibits competing products related to the neutral list. The inhibition is episodic rather than semantic in nature. The ISE
requires the recall of the intention during the retention period through intentional cues for maintaining the intention. This
seems to defend automatic recovery theories and not the intention persistence hypothesis. Also, the results are better explained
by the directed forgetting paradigm rather than by the retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm. 相似文献
4.
Planning and realization of complex intentions in traumatic brain injury and normal aging 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The realization of delayed intentions (i.e., prospective memory) is a highly complex process composed of four phases: intention formation, retention, re-instantiation, and execution. The aim of this study was to investigate if executive functioning impairments are related to problems in the formation, re-instantiation, and execution of a delayed complex intention. In this context, it was another aim of the study to investigate the executive functioning hypothesis of cognitive aging in prospective memory performance. It was, therefore, explored if age-related prospective memory decline leads to similar decrements in the process of prospective remembering as executive functioning-related decline in young patients with traumatic brain injury. A group of patients with traumatic brain injury with retrospective memory within normal limits but impaired executive functions, a group of healthy older and a group of healthy younger adults completed a complex prospective memory task that allows for the separate assessment of the four phases of the prospective memory process. All groups showed a similarly high performance in the intention retention phase, whereas the patients with deficits in executive functioning and the older participants performed worse than the healthy young participants in the intention formation, re-instantiation and execution phases. The importance of executive functioning for prospective remembering in traumatic brain injury and normal aging is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Returning to Work Following Childbirth: The Relationship Between Intentions and Behavior 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
College women's intentions to return to work following childbirth were compared to behavior 10 years later. Using an Ajzen-Fishbein model, college intentions were significantly related to how soon a mother returned to work after the birth of her first child. The amount of variance explained was significant for intentions and behavior. College intentions were influenced by perceived consequences, approval of significant referents, and personal control. Return to work was predicted by intention to do so, even though the behavior occurred an average of seven years after the intention was declared. This behavior was more likely to occur among those who had a sense of personal control. 相似文献
6.
Nicholas Bardsley 《Synthese》2007,157(2):141-159
Philosophers and economists write about collective action from distinct but related points of view. This paper aims to bridge
these perspectives. Economists have been concerned with rationality in a strategic context. There, problems posed by “coordination
games” seem to point to a form of rational action, “team thinking,” which is not individualistic. Philosophers’ analyses of
collective intention, however, sometimes reduce collective action to a set of individually instrumental actions. They do not,
therefore, capture the first person plural perspective characteristic of team thinking. Other analyses, problematically, depict
intentions ranging over others’ actions. I offer an analysis of collective intention which avoids these problems. A collective
intention aims only at causing an individual action, but its propositional content stipulates its mirroring in other minds. 相似文献
7.
Implementation Intentions and Facilitation of Prospective Memory 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Forming detailed implementation intentions for a future behavior can increase the probability that the behavior is actually completed. We investigated whether this intention effect could be used to improve prospective memory in older adults. As expected, participants who formed an implementation intention were more than twice as likely to self-initiate the intended behavior (writing down the day of the week on every sheet of paper received during the experiment) compared with participants who either were merely instructed to do so or actively rehearsed the instruction. Forming an implementation intention, however, did not improve performance on a task that required a response to salient cues. We conclude that detailed implementation intentions facilitate prospective memory on tasks that lack salient cues and require self-initiation. 相似文献
8.
Identifying factors that help or hinder new executives in "getting up to speed" quickly and remaining with an organization is vital to maximizing the effectiveness of executive development. The current study extends past research by examining extraversion as a moderator of relationships between leader-member exchange (LMX) and performance, turnover intentions, and actual turnover for an executive sample. The sample consisted of 116 new executives who were surveyed prior to starting their employment and at 3 months postentry. A total of 67 senior executives rated these new executives in terms of overall performance at 6 months postentry. Turnover data were gathered from company records 3 1/2 years later. Hierarchical regression results showed that LMX was not related to performance or turnover intentions for those high in extraversion; but for individuals low in extraversion, there was a relation between LMX, performance, and turnover intentions. Furthermore, survival analyses showed that LMX was only related to turnover-hazard rate for individuals low in extraversion. 相似文献
9.
Karl Ask Pär Anders Granhag Fredrik Juhlin Aldert Vrij 《Applied cognitive psychology》2013,27(2):173-177
This research presents a novel approach to discriminating between true and deceptive statements about intended future behavior. Arguing that true intentions are goal‐directed, we predict that people who genuinely intend to pursue a reported goal will implicitly evaluate goal‐relevant cues positively, whereas people who do not intend to pursue the goal will not. Participants in an experiment were instructed to tell the truth about a planned future behavior (true intention) or to falsely report that same behavior to mask their actual mock‐criminal intention (false intention). As predicted, an evaluative priming task showed that participants with true intention exhibited implicit positive evaluations of cues relevant to the reported goal, whereas participants with false intention did not. Subsequent analyses showed that implicit positivity significantly discriminated between true and false intentions. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical contributions and implications for the development of future detection tools. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by the presence in an otherwise healthy elderly
individual of cognitive deficits involving specific domains in the absence of significant functional impairments. Reports
indicate that prospective memory (PM), that is, the ability to remember to execute delayed intentions, is impaired in individuals
with MCI. The present review discusses the current debate in the literature on PM functioning in MCI by focusing on the relationship
between prospective retrieval and retrospective memory functioning. Analysis of the reported evidence revealed that both the
prospective component and the retrospective component of PM can be impaired in MCI. Declarative memory dysfunction may account
for the retrospective memory impairment, while either reduced executive abilities or a deficit of reflexive mechanisms could
explain the prospective component impairment. 相似文献
11.
Richard Scheer 《Philosophical Investigations》2006,29(4):358-368
In contemporary discussions of the concept of intention, the assumption is made that an intention results from a person's decision, or resolution, or plan, or the like. And the intention persists, generally, until the appropriate action is carried out. However, intentions cannot be said to have temporal duration, or beginnings, or endings. And it is not necessary for a person who is intending to do something to have made a decision to do it, or a resolution, or anything else. It may be that a person acquires an intention because of the circumstances that he finds himself in. If one sees that a tricycle is in front of his car, he will move it. No decision is necessary, obviously, because running over it would be contrary to common sense. Or one may gradually come to realise that he is obliged to do something and thereupon acquires the intention to do it. By focusing on one kind of intention, the “desire‐belief” theories have failed to realise that intentions originate in various ways, and for various reasons. 相似文献
12.
Carolien Martijn Hugo Alberts Paschal Sheeran Gjalt-Jorn Y. Peters Jochen Mikolajczak Nanne K. de Vries 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1137-1143
Research on goal attainment has demonstrated that people are more likely to reach their goals when they form implementation intentions. Three experiments tested whether implementation intentions lead to tenacious goal striving following blockage of an initial attempt to reach the goal. In all three experiments some participants were instructed to form an implementation intention and other participants were not. Subsequently, the initial goal-directed attempt of all participants was unexpectedly blocked. Experiment 1 found that implementation intentions resulted in more attempts to realize one’s goal. Experiment 2 showed that when participants formed an implementation intention their repeated attempt was acted out as intensely as their first, blocked attempt. Experiment 3 found that implementation intentions still allow people to seize an alternative, more onerous means to realize their intention. These results imply that implementation intention conserve self-regulatory strength. After goal blockage, the remaining strength can be used to continue goal-directed action. 相似文献
13.
《Developmental Review》2014,34(4):305-326
Prospective memory (PM), the ability to remember to carry out one's intentions in the future, is critical for children's daily functioning and their ability to become independent from caregivers. This review assesses the current state of research on children's prospective memory. Using an executive functioning framework the literature can be organized into studies examining four factors that influence PM. We discuss studies that have manipulated the nature of the intention, the content or length of the retention interval, the nature of the ongoing task, and the nature of the PM cue. Further, we propose a model that attempts to account for the development of PM across childhood based on advances in executive control. Finally, we suggest promising future directions for research. 相似文献
14.
Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis Martin S. Hagger 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(7):1618-1634
This article investigates the effects of implementation intentions that connect the suppression of alcohol consumption to socializing goals on the decision to accept an offer of a free alcoholic drink. Participants were university students (N = 48) who were randomly assigned to an implementation intention condition or a control condition. The results show that participants who formed implementation intentions were less likely to accept the offer of a free alcoholic drink than were participants who did not form implementation intentions. In addition, the results demonstrate that the implementation intention effect held among habitual alcohol drinkers. The results of the present study suggest that implementation exercises can successfully suppress habitual alcohol consumption. 相似文献
15.
Chrisoula Andreou 《Ratio》2009,22(2):157-169
I propose a model of intention formation and argue that it illuminates and does justice to the complex and interesting relationships between intentions on the one hand and practical deliberation, evaluative judgements, desires, beliefs, and conduct on the other. As I explain, my model allows that intentions normally stem from pro-attitudes and normally control conduct, but it is also revealing with respect to cases in which intentions do not stem from pro-attitudes or do not control conduct. Moreover, it makes the connection between forming an intention and altering one's deliberative framework transparent, and directly accounts for the fact that while intentions can affect how it makes sense for an agent to reason and what it makes sense for her to do, one cannot make an action that one is tempted to perform worth performing simply by forming a related intention. 相似文献
16.
17.
OBJECTIVE: This study tested whether forming implementation intentions is an effective strategy for attaining health goals focused on trying to avoid a negative state. DESIGN: Participants chose to either eat more healthy snacks (i.e., an approach goal) or eat fewer unhealthy snacks (i.e., an avoidance goal) over two weeks and were randomly assigned to create an implementation intention to do this or not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The authors measured fat and calorie intake after one week and after two weeks. RESULTS: After two weeks, the participants who ate most unhealthily were those who pursued an avoidance goal and did not form an implementation intention. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that forming implementation intentions for avoidance goal pursuit can help people attain important health goals. 相似文献
18.
19.
In two experiments we show that (a) distracting stimuli are inhibited after intention formation, (b) this inhibition is episodic rather than semantic in nature, and (c) inhibition of distracting stimuli is terminated once intentions are completed. In both experiments participants were asked to form an intention to press the space bar in response to six cues (i.e. intention cues). After intention formation we measured accessibility of intention cues, of words that are semantically related to the intention cues (i.e. related cues) and of semantically unrelated words (i.e. control cues). In Experiment 1, we obtained slower responses towards related cues compared with both intention cues and control cues in a recognition task, but not in a lexical decision task. In Experiment 2, we showed that inhibition of related cues is terminated after intention completion. Together these results are consistent with theorizing that inhibition of distracting (i.e. related) stimuli is functional for completing previously formed intentions, and give insight in the nature of inhibitory processes during goal pursuit. 相似文献
20.
Prospective remembering is partially supported by cue-driven spontaneous retrieval processes. We investigated spontaneous
retrieval processes in younger and older adults by presenting prospective memory target cues during a lexical decision task
following instructions that the prospective memory task was finished. Spontaneous retrieval was inferred from slowed lexical
decision responses to target cues (i.e., intention interference). When the intention was finished, younger adults efficiently deactivated their intention, but the older adults continued
to retrieve their intentions. Levels of inhibitory functioning were negatively associated with intention interference in the
older adult group, but not in the younger adult group. These results indicate that normal aging might not compromise spontaneous
retrieval processes but that the ability to deactivate completed intentions is impaired. 相似文献