发展机会、乐观和工作投入:任务责任心的调节作用

针对以往研究对工作投入短期波动的影响因素缺乏关注的局限,本研究从个体内部和动态视角采用经验取样法探讨了工作投入短期波动的影响因素。通过对65个研究对象连续测量15个工作日的调查,获得了975份个体内数据。HLM分析结果显示:(1)在个体内水平,每日发展机会和乐观对当天工作投入均有显著正向影响;(2)每日乐观部分中介当天发展机会与工作投入之间的正向关系;(3)个体任务责任心正向调节每日乐观与当天工作投入之间的正向关系,并且还能调节每日乐观的中介效应。最后,我们对研究的理论贡献、实践启示和研究局限进行了讨论。     

真实型领导对员工创新行为的影响：工作投入的中介效应

采用问卷法对302名企业员工和64名企业管理者进行调查,探讨真实型领导影响员工创新行为的内在作用机制,检验员工工作投入的中介效应。跨层次分析结果显示:(1)真实型领导对员工的工作投入和创新行为均有显著的正向预测作用;(2)员工工作投入正向预测其创新行为;(3)员工工作投入在真实型领导对员工创新行为的影响中发挥部分中介效应。     

职业胜任力在工作要求-资源模型中的调节和中介作用

采用JD-R模型探讨了职业胜任力在工作要求-资源模型中的作用。结果表明:(1)职业胜任力弱化了工作要求和情感衰竭之间的正向关系;(2)职业胜任力正向影响工作投入;(3)职业胜任力在工作资源与工作投入之间起中介作用。本研究启示可通过提升员工的职业胜任力,促进员工的工作投入并缓解职业倦怠。     

家长式领导与员工工作投入:心理授权的中介作用

对国内402名员工的关于家长式领导、工作投入和心理授权的问卷数据进行了分析,探索中国文化背景下组织特有的家长式领导与员工工作投入之间的关系及心理授权在二者关系中的中介作用。结果表明,家长式领导中的仁慈领导和威权领导两维度对员工工作投入有显著的预测作用;心理授权在仁慈领导和工作投入之间起着部分中介作用。     

幼儿教师薪酬制度知觉与工作绩效的关系:任教意愿的中介作用

为考察幼儿教师的薪酬制度知觉、工作绩效与任教意愿之间的关系,随机选取了安徽省参与国培计划的262名幼儿教师进行了问卷调查。结果表明:(1)幼儿教师的任教意愿较高,对自己的工作绩效也较为肯定,但对所在单位薪酬制度的认知评价并不是很积极;(2)幼儿教师的薪酬制度知觉与任教意愿呈显著正相关,其中竞争性知觉、回馈性知觉因子对幼儿教师的任教意愿有显著的正向预测作用;(3)幼儿教师的薪酬制度知觉与工作绩效之间存在显著正相关,但相关系数不高,且仅有回馈性知觉因子对其有显著的正向预测作用;(4)幼儿教师的任教意愿能显著预测其工作绩效,且任教意愿在薪酬制度知觉与工作绩效之间具有完全中介效应。     

悖论型领导对员工工作投入的影响：有调节的中介模型

通过构建有调节的中介模型,本研究揭示了悖论型领导“如何”影响员工工作投入以及影响“何时”更弱或更强。在3个时点收集了320份员工数据,结果表明：（1）悖论型领导正向影响员工的工作投入;（2）心理授权部分中介了悖论型领导对工作投入的影响;（3）工作复杂性调节了悖论型领导对员工心理授权的影响;（4）工作复杂性调节了心理授权在悖论型领导与工作投入之间的中介作用。以上结论能为管理者促进员工的工作投入提供指导。     

受欺负对初中生主动性和反应性攻击的影响：道德推脱和性别的作用

本研究采用追踪研究设计，探讨受欺负与初中生主动性和反应性攻击之间的关系，道德推脱的中介作用以及性别的调节作用。研究对2533名八年级学生(初测年龄为13.95±0.60,51.32%男生)开展了间隔半年的两次测查。结果表明：(1)T1受欺负显著正向预测T2主动性攻击和反应性攻击；(2)T2道德推脱在T1受欺负和T2主动性、反应性攻击之间均起到部分中介作用；(3)主动性攻击的中介模型还受性别的调节，在女生中T1受欺负对T2道德推脱的预测作用更强，在男生中T2道德推脱对T2主动性攻击的预测作用更强。本研究的结果提示，相关教育工作者需要关注受欺负青少年的道德推脱水平，对这些青少年的道德认知进行有效干预，从而阻断受欺负和攻击行为之间的关联。     

自尊、未来时间洞察力与学业成就之间的关系：一项追踪研究

采用间隔1个学期的追踪设计考察青少年自尊与未来时间洞察力的因果关系,及二者对学业成绩的影响。结果发现:(1)在控制了T1未来时间洞察力后,T1自尊可以显著正向预测T2未来时间洞察力;而在控制了T1自尊后,T1未来时间洞察力不能显著预测T2自尊。(2)在控制了T2未来时间洞察力和T2自尊后,T1未来时间洞察力和T1自尊均可显著正向预测T2学业成绩。(3)T2未来时间洞察力在T1自尊和T2学业成绩之间起部分中介作用。     

全科医生胜任力和主观幸福感:工作绩效的中介作用

采用胜任力问卷、工作绩效量表和主观幸福感量表调查1340名全科医生,建立结构方程,考察工作绩效在胜任力与主观幸福感之间的中介作用。结果发现:(1)胜任力、工作绩效和主观幸福感之间均显著正相关;(2)胜任力和工作绩效可正向预测主观幸福感;(3)工作绩效部分中介胜任力和主观幸福感,胜任力既直接预测主观幸福感,也通过工作绩效间接预测主观幸福感。     

家庭支持型主管行为对员工工作态度的影响:有调节的中介效应分析

采用问卷法调查了358名企业员工,探讨家庭支持型主管行为(FSSB)对工作满意感和离职意愿等工作态度的作用机制。结果表明:(1)FSSB对工作满意感有显著正向影响,对离职意愿有显著负向影响。(2)工作-家庭增益在FSSB与工作满意感之间起着中介作用,而工作-家庭冲突的中介作用不显著;工作-家庭增益与冲突在FSSB与离职意愿之间的中介作用均不显著。(3)边界控制感调节了FSSB—工作-家庭增益—工作满意感这一中介过程。本研究提示可通过干预FSSB来提升员工的工作态度。     

The longitudinal impact of a job crafting intervention

This study examined the impact of a job crafting intervention based on job demands-resources (JD-R) theory. We hypothesized that the intervention would influence participants’ job crafting behaviours, as well as their job demands, job resources, and personal resources. In addition, we hypothesized a positive impact of the intervention on work engagement and self-rated job performance. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a control group. Teachers (N = 75) participated in the job crafting intervention on three occasions with 9 weeks in-between the first and second measurement, and 1 year in-between the second and third measurement. Results showed that the intervention had a significant impact on participants’ job crafting behaviours, both at time 2 and time 3. In addition, the results showed a significant increase of performance feedback, opportunities for professional development, self-efficacy, and job performance 1 year after the job crafting intervention. Participants’ levels of job demands, resilience, and work engagement did not change. We discuss the implications of these findings for JD-R theory and practice.     

The role of personal resources in explaining well-being and performance: A study among young veterinary professionals

This study examines the role of three personal resources (i.e., proactive behaviour, reflective behaviour, and self-efficacy) in the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model in order to predict self and other ratings of performance. The sample consisted of 860 Dutch veterinary professionals and 170 colleagues. We hypothesized and found that work engagement mediates the relationship between job as well as personal resources and extrarole performance and the relationship between job resources and work engagement. Although hypothesized, we found no support for the mediating role of exhaustion in the relationship between job demands as well as personal resources and inrole performance. Moreover personal resources were directly related to in- and extrarole performance. In conclusion, the study expands the JD-R model by integrating personal resources at a behavioural level and performance measures in the model, and shows that personal resources have a mediating and initiating role in explaining work engagement and performance in young veterinary professionals.     

Can job crafting reduce job boredom and increase work engagement? A three-year cross-lagged panel study

Building upon the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this longitudinal study examined whether job crafting behaviors (i.e. increasing structural and social job resources and increasing challenges) predict less job boredom and more work engagement. We also tested the reverse causation effects of job boredom and work engagement on job crafting and the dynamics between the three job crafting behaviors over time. We employed a two-wave, three-year panel design and included 1630 highly educated Finnish employees from a broad spectrum of occupations in various organizations. Our results indicated that seeking challenges in particular negatively predicted job boredom and positively predicted work engagement. Seeking challenges fueled other job crafting behaviors, which, in their turn, predicted seeking more challenges over time, thus supporting the accumulation of resources. Job boredom negatively predicted increasing structural resources, whereas work engagement positively predicted increasing both structural and social resources. These findings suggest that seeking challenges at work enhances employee work engagement, prevents job boredom, and generates other job crafting behaviors. Conversely, job boredom seems to impede job crafting.     

Work engagement interventions can be effective: a systematic review

Work engagement is associated with important individual and organisational outcomes (e.g. employee health and well-being, performance). This narrative systematic review aims to synthesise the increasing number of work engagement interventions and inform future research by exploring: (1) the specific intervention foci, delivery methods and content of engagement interventions; (2) intervention effectiveness; and (3) underlying mediators and moderators. A systematic search for interventions employing a validated engagement measure revealed 40 studies. Five were personal resource building, twelve job resource building, three leadership training, eighteen health promotion, and two job and personal resource building. Twenty (50%) studies observed significant positive effects on work engagement, two (5%) had a negative effect, and eighteen (45%) had no effect. Job and personal resources, job demands and well-being were important mediators. Moderators included the specific intervention focus and delivery method, employee participation, manager support, and intervention level (top-down vs bottom-up). Bottom-up interventions, and job crafting and mindfulness interventions particularly, were most successful. Implementation difficulties were common, including poor response and attrition rates, and adverse factors (e.g. organisational restructuring, redundancy, economic downturn). We highlight implications for research and practice and stress the need to test underlying theories to build knowledge around how, why, and when interventions work.     

The Job Demands–Resources model: An analysis of additive and joint effects of demands and resources

The present study investigated the additive, synergistic, and moderating effects of job demands and job resources on well-being (burnout and work engagement) and organizational outcomes, as specified by the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model. A survey was conducted among two Chinese samples: 625 blue collar workers and 761 health professionals. A series of multi-group structural equation modeling analyses supported the two processes proposed by the JD-R model: (1) the stress process that originates from job demands and leads, via burnout, to negative organizational outcomes (turnover intention and low organization commitment); and (2) the motivational process that originates from job resources and leads, via work engagement, to positive organizational outcomes. In contrast to moderating effects, synergistic effects of job demands and job resources on burnout and work engagement were found in both samples. However, after controlling for additive effects of job demands and job resources, these synergistic effects largely disappeared. In conclusion, the hypothesized additive effects of the JD-R model were found but the evidence for additional synergistic and moderating effects was weak.     

Job crafting and job performance: A longitudinal study

In this three-wave study (N = 288), we examined whether job crafting intentions and work engagement led to actual job crafting behaviours and, in turn, to higher levels of prospective work engagement and job performance. We used the Job Demands-Resources model as a theoretical framework and defined job crafting as the self-initiated changes that employees make in their job demands and resources. One month after reporting their job crafting intentions, respondents rated their actual job crafting behaviours. Again one month later, they rated their levels of work engagement, in-role performance, and organizational citizenship behaviour towards individuals (OCBI). Results of structural equation modelling showed that job crafting intentions and work engagement significantly related to actual job crafting, which, in turn, related to higher levels of work engagement, while controlling for job characteristics. Results further showed that engaged employees performed better on their in-role tasks but did not perform more OCBIs. The findings suggest that employees can increase their own work engagement and job performance through job crafting.     

Job demands–resources model in the context of recovery: Testing recovery experiences as mediators

The aim of the present study was to extend the original Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model by taking into account recovery as an important mediation mechanism between work characteristics and well-being/ill-health. Specifically, we examined whether recovery experiences—strategies promoting recovery—might have a mediating role in the JD-R model among 527 employees from a variety of different jobs. The results showed that psychological detachment fully mediated the effects of job demands on fatigue at work and mastery partially mediated the effects of job resources on work engagement. Altogether, the results suggest that recovery merits consideration as a mediating mechanism in the JD-R model.     

Development and validation of the job crafting scale

We developed and validated a scale to measure job crafting behavior in three separate studies conducted in The Netherlands (total N = 1181). Job crafting is defined as the self-initiated changes that employees make in their own job demands and job resources to attain and/or optimize their personal (work) goals. In Study 1 and 2 the Dutch job crafting scale (JCS) was developed and tested for its factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity. The criterion validity of the JCS was examined in Study 3. The results indicated that there are four independent job crafting dimensions, namely increasing social job resources, increasing structural job resources, increasing challenging job demands, and decreasing hindering job demands. These dimensions could be reliably measured with 21 items. The JCS shows convergent validity when correlated with the active constructs proactive personality (+), personal initiative (+), and the inactive construct cynicism (?). In addition, results indicated that self-reports of job crafting correlated positively with colleague-ratings of work engagement, employability, and performance — thus supporting the criterion validity of the JCS. Finally, self-rated job crafting behaviors correlated positively with peer-rated job crafting behaviors.     

Work engagement and burnout: testing the robustness of the Job Demands-Resources model

This study focuses on work engagement and its negative antipode, burnout, as well as their antecedents and consequences. According to the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, two different processes have to be distinguished: a motivational process that links job resources with turnover intention through work engagement, and an energetic process that links job demands and health complaints via the mediating role of burnout. The robustness of the JD-R model was tested in a heterogeneous occupational sample (N = 846). Structural equation modeling analyses yielded a slightly modified model with only exhaustion being indicative of burnout and vigor, dedication along with absorption being indicative of engagement. The results provide evidence for the dipartite structure of the JD-R model. Multi-group analyses revealed the model to be invariant across age and gender. Although strengths of path coefficients and factor loadings differed among white- and blue-collar workers, the basic structure of the model was also confirmed among these subgroups. Therefore, the findings underscore the robustness of the JD-R model.     

A meta-analysis on promotion- and prevention-focused job crafting

The purpose of this study is to present a meta-analytical summary of the job crafting literature. We integrate resource- and role-based job crafting conceptualizations in one job crafting model, which can theoretically account for beneficial and detrimental job crafting effects. Applying reasoning from regulatory focus theory we differentiated promotion-focused (increasing job resources and challenging job demands; expansion-oriented task, relational, and cognitive crafting) from prevention-focused (decreasing hindering job demands; contraction-oriented task and relational crafting) job crafting. We hypothesized that promotion-focused job crafting relates positively and prevention-focused job crafting relates negatively with employee health, motivation, and performance. Results of cross-sectional meta-analytical structural equation modelling showed that promotion-focused job crafting was positively related with work engagement and negatively related with burnout, while prevention-focused job crafting was negatively related with work engagement and positively related with burnout. Moreover, promotion-focused job crafting was positively and prevention-focused job crafting was negatively related with performance through work engagement and burnout. Results of longitudinal meta-analytical structural equation modelling showed that there were reciprocal, positive relationships between promotion-focused job crafting and work engagement, and between prevention-focused job crafting and burnout. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.