共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
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学习支持对基于计算机模拟的发现学习的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了针对发现活动的意义性的解释性支持 (IS)、针对其系统逻辑性的实验性支持 (ES)以及学习者的推理能力对基于模拟的科学发现学习的影响。设计开发了关于浮力的模拟软件 ,被试为北京十四中初二学生 80名 ,采用 2 (有 /无IS)× 2 (有 /无ES)× 3(推理能力 )的混合实验设计。结果发现 ,推理能力在原理性知识、直觉性理解测验以及学习者所设计实验的质量上有显著的主效应。IS在原理性知识和灵活应用测验上有显著的主效应。ES与推理能力在原理性知识测验上有显著的交互作用 ,ES在学习者所设计实验的质量上有显著的主效应。这一结果说明 ,发现活动的意义性和系统逻辑性对基于模拟的发现学习有重要的制约作用 ,应该针对这两个侧面设计相应的学习支持 相似文献
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We describe four major approaches to the study of science–historical accounts of scientific discoveries, psychological experiments with nonscientists working on tasks related to scientific discoveries, direct observation of ongoing scientific laboratories, and computational modeling of scientific discovery processes–by viewing them through the lens of the theory of human problem solving. We compare and contrast the different approaches, indicate their complementarities, and provide examples from each approach that converge on a set of principles of scientific discovery. 相似文献
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Rudolf A. Treumann 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1991,22(1):143-153
Why was nuclear fission discovered under the repressive conditions of the Third Reich and not in one of the other leading countries in science? The attempts to answer this question leads to the formulation of the hypothesis that under the very special constellation of the working relations between Hahn and Meitner, the forced emigration of Meitner was advantageous insofar as it emancipated Hahn from the physical guardianship of Meitner, and liberated his chemical competence. This was a prerequisite to recognizing the presence of Barium in the debris of Uranium decay. At the same time it liberated Meitner so that she could break with the old physicalconcepts of knowledge when accepting Hahn's chemical results, and find the correct interpretation of the experiment. Moreover, Hahn's and Strassmann's inner emigration which kept them away from participating in political activities and engagements, as well as their abstinence from competing in fashionable research (which was stimulated by the increasing political isolation of Germany) helped them to concentrate on their more restricted investigations following unfashionable lines of thinking and were among the favourable conditions for making their great discovery.Based in a contribution to an International Workshop on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Discovery of Nuclear Fission, Institute of Advanced Studies, Berlin, March 1989. 相似文献
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In this paper the notion of unifier is extended to the infinite set case. The proof of existence of the most general unifier of any infinite, unifiable set of types (terms) is presented. Learning procedure, based on infinite set unification, is described. 相似文献
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科学研究最重要的一步是能否提出有价值的课题。本文根据辩证法的对立统一规律、二分法、事物是普遍联系的、具体问题具体分析,从量变到质变原理,提出了发现心理学问题的五种思路。 相似文献
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Unconscious Insights 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Robert S. Siegler 《Current directions in psychological science》2000,9(3):79-83
From early in the history of psychology, theorists have argued about whether insights are initially unconscious or whether they are conscious from the start. Empirically identifying unconscious insights has proven difficult, however: How can we tell if people have had an insight if they do not tell us they have had one? Fortunately, although obtaining evidence of unconscious insights is difficult, it is not impossible. The present article describes an experiment in which evidence of unconscious insights was obtained. Almost 90% of second graders generated an arithmetic insight at an unconscious level before they were able to report it. Within five trials of the unconscious discovery, 80% of the children made the discovery consciously, as indicated by their verbal reports. Thus, the initial failure to report the insight could not be attributed to the children lacking the verbal facility to describe it. The results indicate that at least in some cases, insights arise first at an unconscious level, and only later become conscious. Rising activation of the new strategy may be the mechanism that leads children to become conscious of using it. 相似文献
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刘典恩 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》1998,19(7):351-354
以血液循环理论的发现和发展为例,分析了医学观在医学发展中的作用,提出了医学观更替的三个阶段,即原有医学观失稳且陷入危机、新观念的放大及其局部变革、整合并全面更替,揭示了医学观更替的一般过程及其机制。 相似文献
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Finding causes is a central goal in psychological research. In this paper, I argue based on the interventionist approach to causal discovery that the search for psychological causes faces great obstacles. Psychological interventions are likely to be fat-handed: they change several variables simultaneously, and it is not known to what extent such interventions give leverage for causal inference. Moreover, due to problems of measurement, the degree to which an intervention was fat-handed, or more generally, what the intervention in fact did, is difficult to reliably estimate. A further complication is that the causal findings in psychology are typically made at the population level, and such findings do not allow inferences to individual-level causal relationships. I also discuss the implications of these problems for research, as well as various ways of addressing them, such as focusing more on the discovery of robust but non-causal patterns. 相似文献
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"尿布与啤酒"对医学科研的启示 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
简单介绍了基于文本的揭示文献间关联的两种方法,即相关文献和非相关文献的知识发现的方法,并对这两种方法在医学科研中的作用进行了阐述. 相似文献
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Scientific research progresses along planned (programmatic research) and unplanned (discovery research) paths. In the current investigation, we attempted to conduct a single-case evaluation of the overjustification effect (i.e., programmatic research). Results of the initial analysis were contrary to the overjustification hypothesis in that removal of the reward contingency produced an increase in responding. Based on this unexpected finding, we conducted subsequent analyses to further evaluate the mechanisms underlying these results (i.e., discovery research). Results of the additional analyses suggested that the reward contingency functioned as punishment (because the participant preferred the task to the rewards) and that withdrawal of the contingency produced punishment contrast. 相似文献
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策略选择作为儿童认知发展的重要方面,日益受到人们的关注.20世纪70年代后,一些研究者相继构建出几种策略选择的理论模型,以说明儿童策略选择的过程及其机制.文章根据策略模型发展的历程,对元认知模型、联结分布模型、适应性策略选择模型和策略选择与发现模型进行了概述与比较,以摸清策略模型发展的轨迹与特点,由此进一步明确策略模型研究发展的方向. 相似文献
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Frederick Eberhardt 《Synthese》2008,163(3):433-442
We consider the problems arising from using sequences of experiments to discover the causal structure among a set of variables,
none of whom are known ahead of time to be an “outcome”. In particular, we present various approaches to resolve conflicts
in the experimental results arising from sampling variability in the experiments. We provide a sufficient condition that allows
for pooling of data from experiments with different joint distributions over the variables. Satisfaction of the condition
allows for an independence test with greater sample size that may resolve some of the conflicts in the experimental results.
The pooling condition has its own problems, but should—due to its generality—be informative to techniques for meta-analysis. 相似文献
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Mehul Shah 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(2):303-319
Popper is well known for rejecting a logic of discovery, but he is only justified in rejecting the same type of logic of discovery
that is denied by consequentialism. His own account of hypothesis generation, based on a natural selection analogy, involves
an error-eliminative logic of discovery and the differences he admits between biological and conceptual evolution suggest
an error-corrective logic of discovery. These types of logics of discovery are based on principles of plausibility that are
used in the generation as opposed to the preliminary evaluation of hypotheses. The normative relevance of these principles
is grounded in the distinction between strategic and definitory rules.
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Mehul ShahEmail: |
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Morris L. Shames 《Zygon》1991,26(3):343-357
Abstract. Despite the by now historical tendency to demarcate scientific epistemology sharply from virtually all others, especially theological "epistemology ," it has recently been recognized that both enterprises share a great deal in common, at least as far as the epistemology of discovery is implicated. Such a claim is founded upon a psychological analysis of figuration, where, it is argued, metaphor plays a crucial role in the mediation of discovery, in the domains of science and religion alike. Thus, although the conventionally conceived scientific method is crucial to the enterprise, primacy must nonetheless be accorded to discovery , which drives virtually all disciplines. 相似文献
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《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2022,29(3):545-548
Collaboration and guided discovery, collectively described as collaborative empiricism, are two primary features of Aaron T. Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (CT) that remained central to his work throughout his long and productive career. This commentary highlights how collaboration and guided discovery were described during the early development of CT. In addition, conversations with Beck are cited that reveal how his own life may have influenced their inclusion and importance in his therapy. 相似文献