楚简《恒先》首章释义

上海博物馆1994年入藏的楚简,中有道家著作<恒先>,自见诸报导以来,久为学术界所期待.现在该篇已于<上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书>(三)书内公布,无疑很快会得到众多学者的讨论.这篇简书共13支,保存完好,字迹清晰,是非常难得的.内容更非常重要,由于文字古奥,说理又相当玄妙,需要较长时间才能有基本的认识.这里只就其开头一段略作讨论,希望引起大家的兴趣.     

上博藏楚竹书《恒先》新释

<上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书(三)>所载<恒先>篇,是一重要的思想史文献.整理者李零先生作了精当的释文和考释.①我们在李学勤先生的带领下,2004年4月2日在思想文化研究所进行了会读.②笔者后以自己在这次会上的发言稿为基础,并参照李学勤先生和李锐的会读意见,写成<上博藏楚竹书<恒先>简释>一文,分别发表于4月16日、22日的孔子2000网"清华大学简帛研究"专栏.其间,李锐有<<恒先>浅释>③、朱渊清有<"域"的形而学意义>、④李学勤先生有<楚简<恒先>首章释义>⑤等作.而李学勤、李锐之作,则主要是4月2日会读时的意见.再后来,网上有关<恒先>的论文就愈来愈多了.本文在修改时,凡吸取了新见之处,均一一注明,以示不掠人之美.     

A brief explanation of the Chu bamboo slips Hengxian

The discovery of Hengxian and the formation of the category of hengxian are an important recapitulation and creative integration of the theory of the ontological Dao (Tao) in the Pre-Qin period. The cosmology of “self-creating and self-functioning” in Hengxian and the theory of “self-creating and self-evolving” in Liezi and Zhuangzi can be mutually interpreted. It indicates that the theory of transformation of qi entered a quite mature state in the Warring States Period. __________ Translated from Qilu Xuekan 齐鲁学刊 (Qilu Academic Journal), 2005 (1) by Yan Xin     

"气是自生":《恒先》独特的宇宙论

本文从上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书<恒先>篇首强调的"气是自生"的宇宙论出发,将同一时期的宇宙论归纳为"有生于无"的宇宙生成论、数术类的宇宙论和综合形态的宇宙论,指出它们与<恒先>的异同,揭示<恒先>的综合性和独特性.并依照所发现的与"气是自生"相近的理论,说明<恒先>的某些思想在后世尚有流传,由此推测战国时期可能还存在专门强调"气是自生"或"有自生"的宇宙论,遂认为<恒先>的年代、学派属性,还有待再探讨.     

老庄哲学与上博竹书《恒先》

The bamboo slip essay Hengxian 恒先is historically valuable because it serves to further the ontological understanding and comprehension of issues related to the existence of the universe from the perspective of Laozi’s Daoist thought. Hengxian explores important propositions such as how “Qi originated and activated itself” and “they came out of the same source but differed in nature” from several aspects. The idea that “Hengxian is ‘being’ without any definiteness” responds to the issue of the relationship of difference and identity of all things in the world, and thus examines the interdependent relationships between subjects and objects. It proposes that humans can further understand the existence of the universe through cognitive activities and practices such as “analysis and comparison” in which objective realities are checked. The issues discussed in Hengxian are consistent with Laozi’s Dao de jing, the works of Zhuangzi, Huangdi sijing 黄帝四经 (The Four Classics from the Emperor Yellow) and other Daoist works, and deserve significant attention. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Daojia wenhua yanjiu 道家文化研究 (Research of Daoist Culture), 2007, (22): 539–563     

《亘先》及战国道家哲学论题探究

楚简<亘先>为上海博物馆藏楚竹书,据整理者李零的说明,属道家资料.本文之作,即在此一前提下,论述<亘先>中所显示的哲学问题主张,并由此得以一窥战国时期道家对于某些哲学论题曾有过的讨论.在论题的探究中,分两大部分,第一大部分主旨在论述<亘先>之哲学理解;第二大部分是就亘先中与老子及其后学的发展论述,并藉此推定<亘先>一文的时代哲学论述. 第一部分,主要是依据庞朴的简序,对<亘先>一文的理解与诠释.第二部分主要是就与<亘先>哲学观念相关,同时又在<老子>及其后学中有过不同的主张与论述为主,大抵有"恒、先"、"无有"、"气"、"或、欲"等几个哲学论题.     

《恒先》宇宙观及人间观的构造

A thorough interpretation of the ideological structure of the recently unearthed Daoist text Hengxian 恒先 has not yet been achieved, and a few doubtful and difficult points still remain to be discussed. Based on the concepts of “hengxian”, “Qi”, “the Field”, “beginning”, “movement”, “spontaneity”, and “name”, this paper comprehensively discusses the text of Hengxian with respect to the primordial state of the cosmos, the evolution of the cosmos, the production and existence of Heaven, Earth, and the myriad things, and the measure of human behaviors in a society. It further addresses why the word “Dao” does not appear in Hengxian, why it contains a theory of production instead of an ontology, and what is meant by a series of special concepts including “the Field” and “wuxian 物先 (the state before the myriad things)”.     

《恒先》的气论——一种新的万物生成动力模式

<正>在近年公布的出土文献中,上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书《恒先》①备受中国哲学界的关注。这篇文献虽然只有13简,510字,但极富研究价值。首先,其他出土文献或多或少存在残损,而《恒先》保存基本完整,没有缺简,没有残断,字迹也十分清晰,不需要做太多增补、推测,保障了文本的可信性。其次,这篇亡佚了两千多年的文献保存了许多独特的思想,其中涉及到宇宙论、道论、气论、     

《恒先》义释——思想史视野下的一种解读

Hengxian, one of the bamboo books of the Chu State during the Warring States Period that is kept in the Shanghai Museum, was collected by the museum in 1994, and is an important piece of literature that discusses cosmic issues prior to Huainanzi. Based on Li Ling’s work on the text, as well as hermeneutic work by some other scholars, this essay represents another attempt to determine the words and meanings of the Hengxian, with a focus on its cosmological commentary. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Xi’an Jianzhu Keji Daxue Xuebao 西安建筑科技大学学报 (Journal of Xi’an University of Arch & Tech), 2007, (1): 1–8     

Evaluation of "the incredible years" in Sweden: the transferability of an American parent-training program to Sweden

Structured parent training has been proven to be effective in reducing disruptive behavior problems (DBP) in children. Most of the programs that are used in Sweden have their origin in North America, and there is an ongoing debate over the transferability to Sweden of manual-based programs developed in other contexts. The goal of the present study was to study effectiveness of the Incredible Years parent-training program (IY), developed in the US, in regular clinical work in Sweden, using a randomized controlled design. Parents of 62 four to eight-year-old children diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder participated in the study. Parents of 38 children were assigned to parent training (PT) and 24 to a waiting list (WL). The results indicate that the IYS retains the positive effects on children's disruptive behavior problems when translated and transferred to Swedish. There was a statistically significant difference in reduction of DBP in children between the groups in favor of the PT. The improvement in the PT group was sustained at the one-year follow-up. The improvement also, at least to some extent, generalized over time to the school context. There was also a statistically significant difference in mothers' report of pre to post change in parenting alliance between the PT and WL groups. The IYS program was appreciated and well received by the participating mothers.     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.     

"Binaural rivalry": dichotic listening as a tool for the investigation of the neural correlate of consciousness

Since about two decades neuroscientists have systematically faced the problem of consciousness: the aim is to discover the neural activity specifically related to conscious perceptions, i.e. the biological properties of what philosophers call qualia. In this view, a neural correlate of consciousness (NCC) is a precise pattern of brain activity that specifically accompanies a particular conscious experience. Almost all studies aimed at investigating the NCC have been carried out in the visual system. One of the most promising paradigms is based on sensory stimuli which elicit bistable percepts, as they allow to decouple subjective perception from the characteristics of the physical stimulation. Such kind of perception can be produced in the visual modality by using particular images (e.g. Rubin's vase/face figure) or by presenting two dissimilar stimuli separately to the two eyes (binocular rivalry). The stimuli compete for perceptual dominance and each image is visible in turn for a few seconds, while the other is suppressed. The use of this methodology has led to important findings concerning visual consciousness, which are briefly discussed. For the investigation of auditory consciousness, a similar stimulation paradigm can be achieved by using dichotic listening, consisting in two different stimuli presented each to one ear, which compete for perception (binaural rivalry). The principal aim of the present mini-review is to discuss the few contributes facing the issue of auditory consciousness and to advance the use of dichotic listening and binaural rivalry as valid tools for its investigation.     

从“行政主导”到“有限政府”——中国政府改革的方向与路径

政治理论和政治实践表明,"有限政府"作为"宪政"的核心概念,是善治良政的重要条件和原则。然而,行政主导下的全能政治一直被认为是中国政府政治的主要特点。本文在梳理"有限政府"理论的基础上,简要分析了中国宪政发展的历程,总结了中国法治建设的成就,指出了目前距离宪政目标的差距,从"有限政府"与"有效政府"的关系出发,论证了"有限政府"作为中国政府改革目标的合理性,并从限制政府自由裁量权、确立针对政府政治的有效监督、建立公共财政制度三个方面,说明了这一改革的基本路径。     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素     

道家、道教与道学

中国传统文化的主干向称儒、释、道三家(或称三教).自汉魏以来,史家多以"道家"一名混称老、庄之道家与张陵之道教.而"道学"一名既可指称"黄老之学",又为"宋明理学"之代名词.近世以来,学术界引入西学的概念,严格区分"哲学"(Philosophy)的道家与宗教(Reli-gion)的道教.而另外又有以"道学"之名涵盖"道家之学"者.而自19世纪以来,西方汉学界又以英文之Taoism或法文之taoisme统称中国的"道家"与"道教".于是,"道家"、"道教"与"道学"名称的内涵界定与使用范围遂成为学术界多年以来致力探讨的重要问题.本文拟从宗教文化与历史学的角度,通过考察道家思想衍变发展的五个历史阶段,即先秦老子之学与庄子之学,秦汉黄老之学,魏晋玄学,隋唐道教重玄学与宋元道教内丹心性学,来探索"道家"、"道教"与"道学"的内在联系与区别.笔者主张,"道家"一词可作两种不同的理解:一种是狭义的"道家"概念,就是确指自先秦老、庄之学,秦汉黄老之学至魏晋玄学的道家学术流派;另一种是广义的"道家"概念,就是既包括原来先秦自魏晋的"道家"学术流派,也包括东汉以后创立的中国本土宗教"道教".这样,既对现代学科意义上的哲学的"道家"与宗教的"道教"作出了明确的区分,更为重要的是表明了我们尊重自身文化传统的学术立场.至于"道学"的名称,笔者认为无论从历史的层面还是现实的层面都易于与原有的文化现象"理学"发生混淆,为学术长远计虑,使用似宜慎之.     

处于现代主义-后现代主义争论框架之中的"合理性"和"多种合理性"

价值判断的对象并不仅仅包括各种行为方式,[1]也包括各种语词。“合理性的”这个术语是这样一个语词:具有了合理性的就是善的。在刚刚过去的几十年间,作为对所谓的“西方的合理性”的某种反动,人们之所以开始谈论“多种合理性”———这是一种特别被后现代主义者提出的主张,很可能原因就在于此。在这里,我并不打算详细论述导致这样一种主张出现的各种历史发展。我只想使自己限于———在与这次学术讨论的主题有关的各种概念所具有的学术框架之内———详细考察这些概念:这种框架就是现代主义—后现代主义争论。作为与“古代”、“传统”、“…     

“外部的思想”与“横向的逻辑”

形而上学是一种以“再现”方式不断重复的同一性活动,它把瞬间的判断加以凝固,做出“必然性”的结论,并同时排斥精神的其他可能性。“外部的思想”是对形而上学精神传统的暴力,它认为“再现”最终会导致一种陌生事物之间关系的差异活动,这种关系遵循一种“横向的逻辑”。“横向的逻辑”放弃关于事物“起源”的假设,也就是不假定时间与空间中的“某一点”和“其他点”比照具有特权地位。事物不是按照某个中心点为基础发展起来的,而是无数个彼此毫无关系“点”的陌生合作关系促成的,而这样的合作关系具有任意性。在“横向的逻辑”中,用很多“出发点”或者“精神的拐点”代替独一无二的“起源”。     

中文语境下的“心理”和“心理学”

“心”或“心理”等词语在汉语中有相当长的历史,对这些词语的理解反映了中国人关于“心理”的认识。中文的“心”往往不是指一种身体器官而是指人的思想、意念、情感、性情等,故“心理学”这三个汉字有极大的包容性。任何学科都摆脱不了社会文化的作用,中国心理学亦曾受到意识形态、科学主义和大众常识等方面的影响。近年中国学者对心理学自身的问题进行了反思。从某种意义上说,中国人对“心理”和“心理学”的理解或许有助于心理学的整合,并与其他国家的心理学一道发展出真正的人类心理学