Pedro's Significance

Williams's famous story of Jim exemplifies a general class of dilemmas caused by recalcitrant agents. Like Williams himself, most commentators have focused on Jim and the idea that he has special responsibility for his actions. This paper shifts attention to Pedro, exploring his significance in the story and arguing that Jim has a reason not to shoot that depends on Pedro's best possible response. In so doing, it sketches a new approach to the general class of dilemmas posed by recalcitrant agents, drawing attention to the advantages of this approach and to the difficulties it faces and comparing it to rival views associated with Ross and Kamm.     

Wittgenstein's Lasting Significance

Books reviewed: Max Kölbel and Bernard Weiss (eds.), Wittgenstein's Lasting Significance (London: Routledge, 2004). x + 308, price £60.00 hb, ISBN 0‐415‐30517‐9.
Reviewed by Constantine Sandis, Oxford Brookes University
Oxford Brookes University
Harcourt Hill Campus
Oxford
OX2 9AT
csandis@brookes.ac.uk     

《资本论》的哲学意义

如何看待马克思《资本论》的哲学意义?这是一个迄今为止远未完全解决的重大问题。在国内外学术界中,有两种较为流行的理论观点:一种观点认为,《资本论》只是政治经济学著作,马克思一生只是一个经济学家,马克思《资本论》谈不上有什么特殊的、重大的哲学意义,大多数西方经济学著     

A Hymnal's Theological Significance

Abstract : A hymnal is a synthetic theological manual, which is a cue card to the church's sounding form. It lives in a stream with a soundscape, expresses a theological orientation, and stands as an ethical check and balance with a prophetic voice against the empire's addictions and entrapments.     

"事"的本体论意义--兼论泰州学的哲学涵蕴

在中国哲学发展史上,以"道"、"理"、"气"、"心"为本原或本体的,随处可见,亦多为人们所看重与论究,而以"情"、以"事"为本体的,却少有人关切并予检讨.本文认为,泰州学为"情"本论.需要说明的是,"情"的本体论与"事"的本体论是相通的,就像"事"与"情"之连通而成"事情"一样,"情"的本体论又可释为"事"的本体论.如果要作区别的话,那么大体上可以说,情与理的关系,主要涉及人的精神心理结构与取向问题,"情"本论所要确认的,是情感之于理性更具本真性与至上性;事与理的关系,则涉及到存在界的结构和主体与客体之间的多重结构关系,"事"本论所要申明的,是事之于理更具本然性与先在性.     

重型肝炎治疗方案的理性选择

针对我国重型肝炎治疗现状,对重型肝炎常用的以及部分有争议的治疗药物和方法进行分析和讨论,就如何选择治疗方案提出医疗原则,认为应采取内科治疗-人工肝-肝移植的综合治疗模式,结合患者的治疗愿望及经济承受力,理性地选择治疗方案,以期达到合理、有效和经济的目的.     

The Normative Significance of Forgiveness

P.F. Strawson claimed that forgiveness is such an essential part of our moral practices that we could not extricate it from our form of life even if we so desired. But what is it about forgiveness that would make it such a central feature of our moral experience? In this paper, I suggest that the answer has to do with what I will call the normative significance of forgiveness. Forgiveness is normatively significant in the sense that, in its paradigmatic instances, forgiving alters the operative norms bearing on the interaction between the victim and the wrongdoer in certain characteristic ways. My project here is, first, to clarify the ways that paradigmatic cases of forgiveness alter the norms of interaction between victim and wrongdoer and to argue that it is in this respect that forgiveness is a normatively significant feature of our moral responsibility practices. Second, I show that most extant theories of forgiveness fail to explain the characteristic ways in which forgiving alters norms. Third, I offer a theory of forgiveness that accounts for this significant normative feature. I conclude by addressing two objections to my proposal.     

The Moral Significance of Birth

Does birth make a difference to the moral rights of the fetus /infant? Should it make a difference to its legal rights? Most contemporary philosophers believe that birth cannot make a difference to moral rights. If this is true, then it becomes difficult to justify either a moral or a legal distinction between late abortion and infanticide. I argue that the view that birth is irrelevant to moral rights rests upon two highly questionable assumptions about the theoretical foundations of moral rights. If we reject these assumptions, then we are free to take account of the contrasting biological and social relationships that make even relatively late abortion morally different from infanticide.     

疾病的文化意义

疾病的文化意义已经成为人类文明不可或缺的重要组成部分:在显性意义上,疾病不断改变着人类对生命现象的认知程度,丰富了道德律条和范畴的内容,拓展了文学艺术的塑造空间,推动了多维的人类哲学反思;在间接和衍生意义上,疾病强化了国家政治权力,影响了历史发展的进程,增加了人文关怀的维度.     

儒家哲学的人文意义

儒家哲学以“仁”为核心之概念。孔子以“仁”为诸德之首、诸德之全,一方面是为人格之养成建构一个足以涵摄道德实践意义的系统,“苟志于仁,无恶矣!”(《论语·里仁》)仁的意义几乎等同于“善”,而“善”乃人格成全之美善——唯有在人格得以满全的情况下,“善”的意义才可能彻底地被实现出来。     

The Significance of Semantic Realism

This paper is concerned with the relationship between the metaphysical doctrine of realism about the external world and semantic realism, as characterised by Michael Dummett. I argue that Dummett's conception of the relationship is flawed, and that Crispin Wright's account of the relationship, although designed to avoid the problems which beset Dummett's, nevertheless fails for similar reasons. I then aim to show that despite the fact that Dummett and Wright both fail to give a plausible account of the relationship between semantic realism and the metaphysical doctrine of realism, the semantic issue and the metaphysical issue are importantly related. I outline the precise sense in which the evaluation of semantic realism is relevant to the evaluation of realism about the external world, a sense overlooked by opponents of Dummett, such as Simon Blackburn and Michael Devitt. I finish with some brief remarks on metaphysics, semantics, and the nature of philosophy, and suggest that Dummett's arguments against semantic realism can retain their relevance to metaphysical debate even if we reject Dummett's idea that the theory of meaning is thefoundation of all philosophy.     

生育意愿研究及其现实意义——兼以江苏调查为例

本文简要回顾了生育意愿研究在国内外的发展及其在不同人口发展阶段的实用意义,介绍了从生育意愿到生育行为的决策过程,并以江苏群众生育意愿和生育行为调查结果为例,讨论了在低生育率地区符合二孩政策夫妇的生育意愿、生育计划及其向生育行为的转化.作者认为,理想子女数、生育意愿和生育计划是逐步接近现实的三个层次,每个层次在数量上逐级递减,具有明确的数量和时间的生育计划更有可能转化为生育行为.而这三个指标随时间变动的稳定性也是逐级递减的,理想子女数最为稳定,生育计划短期改变的可能性更大.与理想子女数相比,生育意愿和生育计划更具有政策相关性和实用价值.     

论自尊的心理意义

自尊以其对人类社会生活和个体精神生活的独特作用和贡献而倍受心理学家的关注。自尊作为起中介作用的人格变量,对儿童的情感、动机、社会适应性行为、认知活动及其品德等有着重要的制约作用;它的发展有助于个体心理健康和良好个性的形成。