热情与能力的关系及其影响因素

社会认知的两个基本维度热情与能力之间存在一种特殊的关系, 它既可能是晕轮效应所认为的正向关系, 也可能是补偿效应和影射效应所认为的负向关系, 还有可能是受多种因素影响的正交关系。热情与能力的关系受到知觉者自身因素、知觉对象的特点、知觉者与知觉对象的关系以及外部环境等多种因素的影响, 而热情与能力关系的内部机制不明确是学者们对其关系产生分歧的根本原因。今后需要进一步探讨热情与能力的内部机制, 进行跨文化的检验和比较研究, 进一步探索其关系的影响因素, 建构热情与能力的关系模型。     

视知觉无意识加工中的形状优势效应

研究了视知觉无意识加工中是否存在形状优势效应。被试为天津师范大学本科生60名。仪器为pentium lll高分辨率计算机．程序用E-prime心理实验软件系统编制而成。在实验1中,用信号检测论技术发现．当启动图形呈现时间为20ms时．被试是不能觉知到该图形的。在实验2和3中．被试的任务分别是判断图形的形状和颜色,用MANOVA分析启动图形对靶图形的启动效应时发现．启动图形的颜色线索不会影响靶图形的形状判断,但启动图形的形状线索却能抑制或促进靶图形的颜色判断。实验证据提示．在判断物体整体特征时,无意识知觉具有形状优势效应。     

知觉启动效应及其脑机制的研究进展

该文从三个方面对知觉启动效应研究进行了回顾：(1)知觉启动的一般特征：(2)刺激的物理特征与知觉启动之间的关系;(3)知觉启动的神经解剖基础及神经机制。该文指出．知觉启动主要加工刺激表面的物理特征;刺激的大小、位置、颜色、模式等特征尽管对知觉启动有影响．但刺激的形状和结构等特征对于知觉启动更重要;知觉启动主要受枕部皮层的调节。最后,讨论了几个有关知觉启动机制的理论假说。     

语言标签和自我关联对新颖客体类别知觉的影响

类别知觉(Categorical perception)是人类最基本的认知活动之一, 探讨语言对类别知觉的影响是心理语言学领域的热门话题之一。在这个研究的3个实验中, 分别在高、低不同的语言标签表征强度下、高、低不同的客体自我关联程度下观察新颖客体类别知觉的过程。研究发现, 语言标签表征程度的增强可促进新颖客体类别知觉的右视野优势效应; 客体与自我关联程度的提高会促进左、右视野的类别知觉效应; 语言标签的表征程度和客体与自我关联程度同时增强时, 语言标签的作用依旧表现出来, 但与自我关联的影响产生权衡分配, 且其影响力并不足以产生右视野优势效应。     

字符的知觉表征及其启动

实验以英文单词,汉字和图片为材料,采用速示补笔测验测量了大脑左右半球的启动效应。结果是,如果学习与测验的字体和大小不变,则视觉启动右半球高于左半球。其他材料不产生这种效应。这表明,至少有一个分离的系统对构成启动的汉字的视觉表征进行编码,此系统在右半球表征形状特异形状特异信息更有效;对字符抽象特征的表征,两半球无显著差异,速示补笔测量的是前语义水平的知觉表征,是一种知觉（数据驱动）内隐记忆测验。     

非言语声音影响汉语听者言语声音的知觉

采用启动范式, 以汉语听者为被试, 考察了非言语声音是否影响言语声音的知觉。实验1考察了纯音对辅音范畴连续体知觉的影响, 结果发现纯音影响到辅音范畴连续体的知觉, 表现出频谱对比效应。实验2考察了纯音和复合音对元音知觉的影响, 结果发现与元音共振峰频率一致的纯音或复合音加快了元音的识别, 表现出启动效应。两个实验一致发现非言语声音能够影响言语声音的知觉, 表明言语声音知觉也需要一个前言语的频谱特征分析阶段, 这与言语知觉听觉理论的观点一致。     

时序知觉的启动效应

时序知觉中的启动效应是指被启动的刺激被知觉为先于未启动刺激出现。文章综述了时序知觉启动效应的有关理论解释和影响因素,并对现有研究存在的问题及未来研究的方向进行了讨论。     

观看撕去标签的产品的心理反应:完形还是蔡格尼克?

产品包装标签是人们获取产品信息的最主要途径之一,而影视片段中常出现“去标签”处理的道具。本文以熟悉品牌的矿泉水为例,采用眼动分析法和问卷测量法结合的方式对有无产品标签的影响进行探究。结果表明:受众在观看影视片段中“去标签”处理的道具时的心理反应与完形理论中的知觉组织原则——闭合原则有关,为广告设计提供了新的观点和实证依据。     

语言和文化影响颜色认知：直接语言效应抑或间接语言效应?

语言和文化对颜色认知的影响存在着直接语言效应和间接语言效应的争论。直接语言效应是指在识记颜色时人先将颜色转换成颜色名称, 再认时通过匹配保留在记忆中的颜色词与目标颜色名称来完成任务。颜色类别知觉是语言策略的结果。间接语言效应是指语言和文化塑造颜色知觉表征, 形成了一个曲形颜色知觉空间, 将人们的注意引向语言和文化定义的颜色类别分界。即使没有语言策略的参与, 类别效应也会出现。颜色文化是民族文化的重要组成部分。绿色和红色在维吾尔族和汉族的语言和文化中分别具有重要的意义。采用颜色相似性判断、颜色分类和颜色再认任务, 考察维吾尔族和汉族的大学生对红、绿的认知, 探查语言和文化对颜色认知的影响及其性质。结果表明, 与汉族相比, 维吾尔族对绿色的辨认、分类和再认存在反应优势, 对红色认知存在反应劣势。与颜色辨认反应比, 两个民族的颜色再认反应时显著长。整个研究表明, 语言和文化对颜色认知的影响存在着间接语言效应, 语言与文化塑造个体的颜色知觉空间。     

学习、频率和结构方式对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响

知觉干扰存效应是指之前更模糊的刺激的呈现对之后同一模糊刺激的识别的抑制。实验-考察了学习和频率、实验二考察了学习和结构方式对汉字知觉干扰存效应的影响。结果发现：1．汉字与图片一样,不存在材料有限现象,在学习和不学习条件下,汉字识别中均存在知觉干扰效应;2．学习以及频率和结构方式对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响也不显著;3．频率、学习和结构方式对汉字识别的影响显著。这些结果似乎表明当激活超过一定的水平时,和汉字激活水平有关的因素对知觉干扰效应不再起作用。失匹配假说可更好的解释激活水平的作用以及材料有限现象。     

形状-性别内隐联结及其对消费者形状偏好的影响

本文探讨了形状与性别之间的内隐联结及其对消费者形状偏好的影响。通过4个实验, 作者发现形状与性别之间存在内隐联结, 即圆润的形状与女性更相关, 而有棱角的形状与男性更相关。这一内隐联结被拓展到品牌感知上, 导致品牌的性别形象影响消费者对圆形或棱角形产品的偏好, 而感知匹配度在其中起中介作用。这些研究发现进一步丰富了现有关于形状偏好以及形状象征意义的文献, 并对视觉营销中的形状设计提供了重要的实践指导。     

The duration of a brief event in the mind's eye.

A new illusion of perceived duration associated with focused spatial attention is reported. Brief flashes in attended locations were perceived to last longer than the same flashes in unattended locations. That illusion was shown to be completely independent of another illusion concerning the perceived onset of a flash, ruling out the possibility that the effect on perceived duration is derivative of a comparison between perceived onset and offset. The illusion also occurred when the event duration was composed of a temporal gap rather than a brief flash, ruling out low-level visible persistence as a basis for the illusion. Taken together, the results point to cortical connections from higher brain centers' both speeding and prolonging the visual signals occurring in lower sensory regions. Those temporal consequences could easily subserve many of the perceptual benefits ascribed to attention for spatial and intensive properties.     

Kanizsa's shrinkage illusion produced by a misapplied 3-D corrective mechanism

In order to include the monocular areas from the left and the right eye in the cyclopean view, the visual system displaces the occluded elements which would result in a horizontal elongation of the shape but does not occur thanks to a correction mechanism which preserves the shape. We hypothesised that this mechanism causes Kanizsa's amodal shrinkage illusion (the apparent elongation of a partially occluded square) when it is incorrectly applied by the visual system to a two-dimensional stimulus. Four experiments tested this hypothesis: (i) one-eyed observers were less susceptible to the illusion than people with normal binocular vision because, for them, the correction for shape is unnecessary; (ii) the illusion was stronger with binocular than with monocular vision since binocularity induces the visual system to correct for the shape distortion; (iii) the illusion diminished when the stimulus was rotated 90 degrees given that displacement and compression are not required for vertical occlusion; (iv) the magnitude of the illusion was a function of the width of the occluder because, as previous research has shown, the edges of a partially occluded square are less displaced the farther they are from the edges of the occluder. The data from the four experiments support our hypothesis even though no condition was able to eliminate the illusion; other possible causes are discussed.     

U.K. consumers' perceived risk of buying products from emerging economies: A moderated mediation model

Although considerable research has been conducted on consumer attitude towards foreign products, most of these studies focus on the attitude of products from Western developed countries. Our study intends to investigate the effects of consumers' national identification and culture sensitivity on their perceived risk of buying products from Eastern developing countries. Especially, this study advances the literature by identifying the mediation effect of consumer ethnocentrism and the moderating effect of consumer value consciousness. Taking China and India as focal emerging economies, the consumer survey (n = 308) in the United Kingdom produced the following results. First, U.K. consumers' national identification is positively related to their perceived risk of buying Eastern products through consumer ethnocentrism, whereas their cultural sensitivity has a negative relationship. Second, the effect of consumer ethnocentrism on the perceived risk of buying Eastern products is moderated by consumer value consciousness. Third, value consciousness also attenuates the indirect relationships between national identification or cultural sensitivity and perceived risk via consumer ethnocentrism.     

Weber's illusion and body shape: anisotropy of tactile size perception on the hand

The perceived distance between touches on a single skin surface is larger on regions of high tactile sensitivity than those with lower acuity, an effect known as Weber's illusion. This illusion suggests that tactile size perception involves a representation of the perceived size of body parts preserving characteristics of the somatosensory homunculus. Here, we investigated how body shape is coded within this representation by comparing tactile distances presented in different orientations on the hand. Participants judged which of two tactile distances on the dorsum of their left hand felt larger. One distance was aligned with the proximodistal axis (along the hand), the other with the mediolateral axis (across the hand). Across distances were consistently perceived as larger than along ones. A second experiment showed that this effect is specific to the hairy skin of the hand dorsum and does not occur on glabrous skin of the palm. A third experiment demonstrated that this bias reflects orientation on the hand surface, rather than an eye- or torso-centered reference frame. These results mirror known orientational anisotropies of both tactile acuity and of tactile receptive fields (RFs) of cortical neurons. We suggest that the dorsum of the hand is implicitly represented as wider than it actually is and that the shape of tactile RFs may partly explain distortions of mental body representations.     

集中和分散注意对多感觉整合中听觉主导效应的影响

听觉主导效应是指多感觉通道信息整合过程中,听觉通道中的信息得到优先加工,从而主导其他感觉通道的信息。研究采用经典的声音诱发闪光错觉的范式,通过两个实验操纵了注意资源的分配方式以及实验任务难度,考察了主动注意听觉通道的声音刺激对声音诱发闪光错觉产生的影响,以及任务难度对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响。结果发现:(1)裂变错觉会受到注意资源分配程度的影响,但是融合错觉则不然;(2)任务难度既不会影响裂变错觉,也不会影响融合错觉。说明了分散注意能够影响听觉主导效应中的裂变错觉,并且这种主导效应与任务难度无关。     

内源性空间注意对声音诱发闪光错觉的影响

采用经典的声音诱发闪光错觉范式,通过操纵集中和分散的空间注意的方式,考察内源性空间注意和刺激出现视野位置的交互作用对多感觉整合中听觉主导效应的影响。结果发现：(1)当空间注意处于分散状态时,下视野的裂变错觉量显著大于上视野,而集中条件下则没有差异。(2)闪光出现的位置是否随机不会影响裂变错觉。研究说明了声音诱发闪光错觉中的裂变错觉只会受到内源性空间注意和视野位置交互作用的影响。     

Geometrical illusions can affect time-to-contact estimation and mimed prehension

Results indicate that under some conditions the Sander parallelogram illusion can affect time-to-contact (TTC) estimation in a prediction-motion (PM) task and in an interceptive action (IA). The illusion also affected mimed manual prehension. The implication is that the timing of responses in the PM and IA tasks may involve an estimate of TTC that is based on the perceived dimensions of the environment. Further research is warranted in the development of models of perceived collision and of visually guided actions.     

营销领域中包装元素对消费者的影响及其内在作用机制

包装上的元素信息是消费者感知环境刺激的重要来源, 能对消费者决策产生重要影响。包装元素可分为非语言型包装元素和语言型包装元素两类, 它们对消费者有不同的影响。总体而言, 非语言型包装元素主要影响消费者的感知和情感偏好, 而语言型包装元素更多影响消费者的行为倾向和行为结果。同时, 两类包装元素对消费者产生影响的内在机制可从神经生理机制、认知加工机制、自我控制的转移和多感官交互几方面进行讨论。此外, 两类包装元素对消费者的影响还会受到环境特征、产品特征以及消费者个体特征的调节。未来研究可进一步探讨两类包装元素对消费者尴尬情绪、透明包装的选择以及产品评价等结果的影响。     

Effect of effort and deadlines on consumer product returns

While extant research has examined return policies as a combination of time and effort, we investigate both the independent and interactive impacts of time and effort on consumer decisions to return or retain products. We find that decreasing return deadlines can have the counterintuitive effect of increasing return rates under some conditions. Using construal level theory, we propose that perceived effort (both physical and cognitive) mediates the effect of return policy on return rates leading to suppressed returns. Further, when deadlines are framed as durations between store visits, overall product returns are exacerbated except when perceived effort is high.