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1.
van Oudheusden M 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(4):673-690
This article draws attention to struggles inherent in discourse about the meaning of participation in a Flemish participatory
technology assessment (pTA) on nanotechnologies. It explores how, at the project’s outset, key actors (e.g., nanotechnologists
and pTA researchers) frame elements of the process like ‘the public’ and draw on interpretive repertoires to fit their perspective.
The examples call into question normative commitments to cooperation, consensus building, and common action that conventionally
guide pTA approaches. It is argued that pTA itself must reflect an awareness of competing interests and perspectives inherent
in the discourse associated with the meaning of ‘participation’ if it is to incite action beyond vested interests and ensure
genuine mutual learning. 相似文献
2.
In this paper, we explore conceptualizations of ‘ordinary’ citizens common in public engagement forums on emerging technologies and assumptions from deliberative theory that ordinary people are more likely to be appropriately ‘changed’ through deliberative processes facilitated by experts. Looking at a large US public forum event [the National Citizens Technology Forum (NCTF)], we asked: What were the goals for this exercise and how did they shape conceptualizations of ordinariness and representativeness? Whose goals and conceptualizations were they? Were the engaged citizens ordinary and representative—and were they changed by the exercise? Our exploration revealed that exercise organizers conceived of ordinary citizens as people lacking science and technology backgrounds, without advocacy or business connections to the technologies at hand, and demographically reflecting the US population. Exercise materials also implied that ideal ordinary participants would lack strong opinions and emotions about these technologies. Actual NCTF participants, however, tended to be more educated, have higher incomes, and to be more liberal than the US public, and participants from all backgrounds had a range of relevant knowledge, experiences and opinions about science and technology. They were changed by the exercise in complex and conflicting ways—based as much on their own knowledge and reflections on relational dynamics as on exercise processes, interactions with experts, and information provided in the exercise. We argue that inadequately explored ideas about ordinary citizens are highly problematic. Further, invisible assumptions about what is ‘normal’ among experts and status quo institutions serve to reify the lay–expert divide that engagement exercises are intended to counteract. 相似文献
3.
In recent years, several authors have argued that the desirability of novel technologies should be assessed early, when they
are still emerging. Such an ethical assessment of emerging technologies is by definition focused on an elusive object. Usually
promises, expectations, and visions of the technology are taken as a starting point. As Nordmann and Rip have pointed out
in a recent article, however, ethicists should not take for granted the plausibility of such expectations and visions. In
this paper, we explore how the quality of expectations on emerging technologies might be assessed when engaging in a reflection
on the desirability of emerging technologies. We propose that an assessment of expectations’ plausibility should focus on
statements on technological feasibility, societal usability, and desirability of the expected technology. Whereas the feasibility
statement and, to a lesser extent, the usability statements are frequently quite futuristic, the claims on desirability, by
contrast, often display a conservative stance towards the future. Assessing the quality of expectations and visions on behalf
of emerging technologies requires, then, a careful and well-directed use of both skepticism and imagination. We conclude with
a brief overview of the tools and methods ethicists could use to assess claims made on behalf of emerging technologies and
improve the ethical reflection on them. 相似文献
4.
Lotte Krabbenborg 《Science and engineering ethics》2016,22(3):907-922
Engaging civil society actors as knowledgeable dialogue partners in the development and governance of emerging technologies is a new challenge. The starting point of this paper is the observation that the design and orchestration of current organized interaction events shows limitations, particularly in the articulation of issues and in learning how to address the indeterminacies that go with emerging technologies. This paper uses Dewey’s notion of ‘publics’ and ‘reflective inquiry’ to outline ways of doing better and to develop requirements for a more productive involvement of civil society actors. By studying four novel spaces for interaction in the domain of nanotechnology, this paper examines whether and how elements of Dewey’s thought are visible and under what conditions. One of the main findings is that, in our society, special efforts are needed in order for technology developers and civil society actors to engage in a joint inquiry on emerging nanotechnology. Third persons, like social scientists and philosophers, play a role in this respect in addition to external input such as empirically informed scenarios and somewhat protected spaces. 相似文献
5.
Lotte Asveld 《Science and engineering ethics》2016,22(3):815-830
The policies of the European Union concerning the development of biofuels can be termed a lock-in. Biofuels were initially hailed as a green, sustainability technology. However evidence to the contrary quickly emerged. The European Commission proposed to alter its policies to accommodate for these effects but met with fierce resistance from a considerable number of member states who have an economic interest in these first generation biofuels. In this paper I argue that such a lock-in might have been avoided if an experimental approach to governance had been adopted. Existing approaches such as anticipation and niche management either do not reduce uncertainty sufficiently or fail to explicitly address conflicts between values motivating political and economic support for new technologies. In this paper, I suggest to apply an experimental framework to the development of sustainable biobased technologies. Such an approach builds on insights from adaptive management and transition management in that it has the stimulation of learning effects at its core. I argue that these learning effects should occur on the actual impacts of new technologies, on the institutionalisation of new technologies and most specifically on the norms and values that underly policies supporting new technologies. This approach can be relevant for other emerging technologies. 相似文献
6.
M.-É. Bobillier Chaumon 《Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations》2021,27(1):17-32
The question of the introduction of emerging technologies and their incessant renewal in organizations basically refers to the place and role that these devices play in activity, as well as how they can affect activity and health at work … Thought as a prospective reflection trying to grasp the logic and the modalities of the digital transformations in progress, the ambition of this paper is: (i) first, identify and characterize the emerging technologies that are deployed in the company; (ii) discuss their impact on the activity and well-being of employees, showing the uses and paradoxical effects that these devices can have on work; and (iii) finally think about the psychosocial function of these devices as potential health and business development operators. 相似文献
7.
《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(8):639-645
The evolutionary challenge for technology in the third millennium is one of designing the vehicles for sustainable human and societal development in partnership with earth. The challenge calls for the conscious creation of evolutionary systems-not through the "hard technologies" that shape and mold the physical infrastructure of our planet, but through "soft technologies" that augment creative and constructive processes of human interaction. Through them, humanity has the opportunity to create the conditions for the emergence of a true learning society at both regional and global levels. The meaning of key terms such as evolution, technology, and development must be explored if we are to create a shared understanding of the contemporary survival challenges faced by humanity. This paper explores both the promise and the threat faced by a techno-civilization such as is emerging on our planet in the early twenty-first century. 相似文献
8.
Am TG 《Nanoethics》2011,5(1):15-28
Trust has become an important aspect of evaluating the relationship between lay public and technology implementation. Experiences
have shown that a focus on trust provides a richer understanding of reasons for backlashes of technology in society than a
mere focus of public understanding of risks and science communication. Therefore, trust is also widely used as a key concept
for understanding and predicting trust or distrust in emerging technologies. But whereas trust broadens the scope for understanding established technologies with well-defined questions
and controversies, it easily fails to do so with emerging technologies, where there are no shared questions, a lack of public
familiarity with the technology in question, and a restricted understanding amongst social researchers as to where distrust
is likely to arise and how and under which form the technology will actually be implemented. Rather contrary, ‘trust’ might
sometimes even direct social research into fixed structures that makes it even more difficult for social research to provide
socially robust knowledge. This article therefore suggests that if trust is to maintain its important role in evaluating emerging
technologies, the approach has to be widened and initially focus not on people’s motivations for trust, but rather the object of trust it self, as to predicting how and where distrust might appear, how the object is
established as an object of trust, and how it is established in relation with the public. 相似文献
9.
On Genies and Bottles: Scientists’ Moral Responsibility and Dangerous Technology R&;D 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Koepsell 《Science and engineering ethics》2010,16(1):119-133
The age-old maxim of scientists whose work has resulted in deadly or dangerous technologies is: scientists are not to blame,
but rather technologists and politicians must be morally culpable for the uses of science. As new technologies threaten not
just populations but species and biospheres, scientists should reassess their moral culpability when researching fields whose
impact may be catastrophic. Looking at real-world examples such as smallpox research and the Australian “mousepox trick”,
and considering fictional or future technologies like Kurt Vonnegut’s “ice-nine” from Cat’s Cradle, and the “grey goo” scenario
in nanotechnology, this paper suggests how ethical principles developed in biomedicine can be adjusted for science in general.
An “extended moral horizon” may require looking not just to the effects of research on individual human subjects, but also
to effects on humanity as a whole. Moreover, a crude utilitarian calculus can help scientists make moral decisions about which
technologies to pursue and disseminate when catastrophes may result. Finally, institutions should be devised to teach these
moral principles to scientists, and require moral education for future funding. 相似文献
10.
The differential outcomes effect—the enhancement of learning and memory performance by correlating distinct reinforcers with
to-be-remembered events (sample stimuli)—has been stated to be one of the most robust phenomena in learning psychology. However,
in this paper we demonstrate that the correlation between unique samples and unique reinforcers can either interfere with
or enhance learning a spatial matching-rule, dependent on whether these two processes are trained concurrently or sequentially.
If the Pavlovian conditioning (unique sample-reward pairings) occurs before the matching rule is learned (sequentially), the
conditioned expectations of unique rewards will enhance the acquisition of the spatial matching-rule in rats (the differential
outcomes effect will be observed). However, if rats are required to learn the Pavlovian associations and the matching-rule
concurrently, they are impaired in acquiring the spatial matching-rule. Thus, employing the differential outcomes procedure
can either enhance or detract from learning and remembering the task rule—dependent on the nature of the task and order of
training. These data suggest that under some circumstances learning Pavlovian associations can compete with the formation
of instrumental behavior. 相似文献
11.
Thomas Faunce 《Nanoethics》2012,6(1):15-27
Environmental and public health-focused sciences are increasingly characterised as constituting an emerging discipline—planetary
medicine. From a governance perspective, the ethical components of that discipline may usefully be viewed as bestowing upon
our ailing natural environment the symbolic moral status of a patient. Such components emphasise, for example, the origins
and content of professional and social virtues and related ethical principles needed to promote global governance systems
and policies that reduce ecological stresses and pathologies derived from human overpopulation, selfishness and greed—such
as pollution, loss of biodiversity, deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as provide necessary energy, water
and food security. Less well explored in this context, however, is the ethics that should underpin global use of emerging
technologies such as nanotechnology as forms of planetary therapeutics. Nanotechnology may be particularly important, for
instance, as a mechanism for improving upon photosynthesis and engineering it into human structures for localised production
of carbon-neutral hydrogen based-fuel and carbohydrate-based food and fertilizer. Artificial photosynthesis, because of its
unique and widespread public and environmental benefits in this period of human history, may even be termed the moral culmination
of nanotechnology, assisting this planet to move beyond the Anthropocene epoch to that of the Sustainocene. This paper explores
practical steps towards planetary nanomedicine involving governance of artificial photosynthesis, including a UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Bioethics and Human Rights of Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis (Global Solar Fuels and Foods). 相似文献
12.
Marianne Boenink 《Nanoethics》2009,3(3):243-255
The convergence of biomedical sciences with nanotechnology as well as ICT has created a new wave of biomedical technologies,
resulting in visions of a ‘molecular medicine’. Since novel technologies tend to shift concepts of disease and health, this
paper investigates how the emerging field of molecular medicine may shift the meaning of ‘disease’ as well as the boundary
between health and disease. It gives a brief overview of the development towards and the often very speculative visions of
molecular medicine. Subsequently three views of disease often used in the philosophy of medicine are briefly discussed: the
ontological or neo-ontological, the physiological and the normative/holistic concepts of disease. Against this background
two tendencies in the field of molecular medicine are highlighted: (1) the use of a cascade model of disease and (2) the notion
of disease as a deviation from an individual pattern of functioning. It becomes clear that molecular medicine pulls conceptualizations
of disease and health in several, partly opposed directions. However, the resulting tensions may also offer opportunities
to steer the future of medicine in more desirable directions. 相似文献
13.
The neurobiology of learning and memory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The study of memory is a great challenge, perhaps the greatest in biological sciences. Memory involves changes in a tiny fraction of an extremely large pool of elements, a conclusion that makes the task of finding those changes using current technologies formidable. What can be done about this roadblock to neurological investigations of learning? One response that has become particularly productive in recent years is to study learning or learning-like phenomena in relatively simple "model" systems. The idea is to extract basic principles from these models in which molecular and anatomical details can be studied and then to use these in analyzing learning in higher regions of the brain. In this article we discuss current progress and emerging concepts derived from the simple system approach using animal models. 相似文献
14.
Philip A. E. Brey 《Nanoethics》2012,6(1):1-13
In this essay, a new approach for the ethical study of emerging technology ethics will be presented, called anticipatory technology ethics (ATE). The ethics of emerging technology is the study of ethical issues at the R&;D and introduction stage of technology development through anticipation of possible future devices, applications, and social consequences. I will argue that a major problem for its development is the problem of uncertainty, which can only be overcome through methodologically sound forecasting and futures studies. I will then consider three contemporary approaches to the ethics of emerging technologies that use forecasting: ethical technology assessment, the techno-ethical scenarios approach and the ETICA approach, and I considered their strengths and weaknesses. Based on this critical study, I then present my own approach: ATE. ATE is a conceptually and methodologically rich approach for the ethical analysis of emerging technologies that incorporates a large variety of ethical principles, issues, objects and levels of analysis, and research aims. It is ready to be applied to contemporary and future emerging technologies. 相似文献
15.
Transnational Discourses of Knowledge and Learning in Professional Work: Examples from Computer Engineering 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Monika Nerland 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2010,29(2):183-195
Taking a Foucauldian framework as its point of departure, this paper discusses how transnational discourses of knowledge and
learning operate in the profession of computer engineering and form a certain logic through which modes of being an engineer
are regulated. Both the knowledge domain of computer engineering and its related labour market is heavily internationalised
and characterised by a general focus on universalism and standardisation. Moreover, rapid shifts in technologies and institutional
arrangements contribute to an embracement of more wide-ranging discourses related to lifelong learning and the enterprising
self. Thus, dominant discourses of knowledge and learning within this profession reflect processes of globalisation and take
a transnational character. The paper discusses how the discourses in play constitute mechanisms of governmentality that present
certain expectations to professionals and shape their energies, efforts and desires in certain directions. In order to be
influential, however, the discourses depend on individuals who take up the subject positions offered and enact them in locally
relevant and partially creative ways. Thus, careful analyses of the discourses in specific knowledge communities, as well
as of their interrelated subject positions, may enhance our understanding of the more epistemic dimensions of globalisation
and how these come to influence the imaginations of individuals as ‘citizens of the world.’ 相似文献
16.
Since elderly people suffering from dementia want to go on living independently for as long as possible, they need to be able
to maintain familiar and learn new practical skills. Although explicit or declarative learning methods are mostly used to
train new skills, it is hypothesized that implicit or procedural techniques may be more effective in this population. The
present review discusses 23 experimental studies on implicit motor-skill learning in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
All studies found intact implicit motor-learning capacities. Subsequently, it is elaborated how these intact learning abilities
can be exploited in the patients’ rehabilitation with respect to the variables ‘practice’ and ‘feedback.’ Recommendations
for future research are provided, and it is concluded that if training programs are adjusted to specific needs and abilities,
older people with AD are well able to (re)learn practical motor skills, which may enhance their autonomy. 相似文献
17.
Xiangjun Li 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(4):561-571
Traditional Confucianism might be likened to a great tree, with various branches and trends of thought emerging from common
roots. Continuing with this metaphor, Confucianism as a form of knowledge might be regarded as a main branch, and the resulting
form of Confucianism constitutes the main body of Chinese learning. Due to modern society’s transformation, Confucianism as
a form of knowledge has begun to disappear and the form of Confucianism which has its own discourse system and problem consciousness
has become a disconnected tradition and an object of study of all the branches of learning in modern times. It is important
for the present-day development of Confucianism that we break the rigescent modern academic system, propagate Confucianism
as a form of knowledge, and rebuild the Confucian form of knowledge.
__________
Translated from Hebei Xuekan 河北学刊 (Hebei Academic Journal), 2005(4) by Yan Xin 相似文献
18.
Ethicists and others who study and teach the social implications of science and technology are faced with a formidable challenge
when they seek to address “emerging technologies.” The topic is incredibly important, but difficult to grasp because not only
are the precise issues often unclear, what the technology will ultimately look like can be difficult to discern. This paper
argues that one particularly useful way to overcome these difficulties is to engage with their natural science and engineering
colleagues in laboratories. Through discussions and interactions with these colleagues ethicists can simultaneously achieve
three important objectives. First they can get a great deal of assistance in their research into the social implications of
future technologies by talking with people that are actively creating those futures. Second their presence in the lab and
the discussions that result can be a very powerful method for educating not only students, but faculty about the ramifications
of their work. And third, because the education is directly linked to the students’ everyday work it is likely that it will
not just be a theoretical exercise, but have direct impact on their practice.
相似文献
Jameson M. Wetmore (Corresponding author)Email: |
19.
Gert Biesta 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):141-153
Much work in the field of education for democratic citizenship is based on the idea that it is possible to know what a good
citizen is, so that the task of citizenship education becomes that of the production of the good citizen. In this paper I
ask whether and to what extent we can and should understand democratic citizenship as a positive identity. I approach this
question by means of an exploration of four dimensions of democratic politics—the political community, the borders of the
political order, the dynamics of democratic processes and practices, and the status of the democratic subject—in order to
explore whether and to what extent the ‘essence’ of democratic politics can and should be understood as a particular order.
For this I engage with ideas from Chantal Mouffe and Jacques Rancière who both have raised fundamental questions about the
extent to which the ‘essence’ of democratic politics can be captured as a particular order. In the paper I introduce the figure
of the ignorant citizen in order to hint at a conception of citizenship that is not based on particular knowledge about what
the good citizen is. I introduce a distinction between a socialisation conception of citizenship education and civic learning
and a subjectification conception of citizenship education and civic learning in order to articulate what the educational
implications of such an ‘anarchic’ understanding of democratic politics are. While the socialisation conception focuses on
the question how ‘newcomers’ can be inserted into an existing political order, the subjectification conception focuses on
the question how democratic subjectivity is engendered through engagement in always undetermined political processes. This
is no longer a process driven by knowledge about what the citizen is or should become but one that depends on a desire for
a particular mode of human togetherness or, in short, a desire for democracy. 相似文献
20.
This paper explores the development of social competence by examining examples of research interviews conducted with 35 British
undergraduate students on work placements. Work placement schemes are a characteristic of contemporary higher education, which
is particularly geared towards students’ development of employability and transferable skills. Among these skills is that
of social competence which is often taken for granted as emerging from normative adult developmental processes. Research on
social competence is mostly confined to developmental psychology and focused on studying children and adolescents in their
social settings. Moreover, the methodology of social competence is often developed from a child-developmental perspective,
neglecting the situation-specific development beyond childhood. The paper argues that social competence is examinable as situated
discursive practice and that it is essential to understanding career development. Membership categorisation analysis identifies
the participant’s fluid positioning in narrating experiences of work and university. Lastly the paper addresses implications
for theories of development and learning and considers ways in which this study can be expanded in the future.
相似文献
Kyoko MurakamiEmail: |