日常烦恼与农村留守儿童的偏差行为：亲子亲合的作用

以来自河南省农村的207名农村留守儿童为被试,主要探讨流动养育者、留守养育者与儿童间的亲合水平在降低儿童偏差行为上的直接作用及其对日常烦恼与偏差行为之间关系的调节作用。结果表明:(1)儿童经历的日常烦恼越多,其偏差行为越高;流动养育者、留守养育者与儿童的亲合水平越高,农村留守儿童的偏差行为越低。(2)流动养育者-儿童亲合能够显著调节日常烦恼与儿童偏差行为之间的关系,表现出了压力抵抗效应:在低亲合条件下,日常烦恼与偏差行为之间存在显著正相关;在高亲合条件下,二者之间的关联不再显著。(3)留守养育者-儿童亲合能够显著调节日常烦恼与偏差行为之间的关系,在单亲外出儿童群体中表现出了保护稳定性,在双亲外出儿童群体中表现出了保护的扩大化。这表明,养育者与儿童之间的紧密情感联系是降低农村留守儿童偏差行为的重要保护因素。     

留守对农村儿童青少年社会适应的影响:倾向值匹配的比较分析

以河南和陕西两省3812名4~9年级农村学生为研究样本, 考察其在抑郁、自尊、问题行为、幸福感、未来压力感知及人际关系方面的社会适应状况, 并运用倾向值匹配方法探讨了父母外出务工对其产生的影响。结果发现, 在倾向值匹配之前, 双亲外出务工的留守儿童在未来压力感知、抑郁和幸福感3方面的适应状况均比非留守儿童差, 在师生关系上得分高于非留守儿童;单亲外出务工的留守儿童感知到的未来压力及抑郁水平也显著高于非留守儿童。经过倾向值匹配处理后, 双亲外出留守儿童的幸福感仍显著低于非留守儿童, 单亲外出留守儿童的未来压力感知也高于非留守儿童, 但其他方面的差异不再显著。研究结果提示对于留守与非留守儿童存在的社会适应差异不能完全归咎于父母的外出务工状态。     

农村留守儿童的同伴关系和孤独感研究

以826名小学四、五、六年级的儿童为被试,考察了留守儿童同伴关系与孤独感的发展状况及其相互关系。结果表明,留守儿童表现出更多的友谊冲突或背叛,双亲外出打工的留守儿童孤独感体验显著高于单亲外出打工的留守儿童和非留守儿童,但单亲外出打工的留守儿童和非留守儿童间差异不显著;留守儿童与非留守儿童的回归比较表明,留守儿童同伴关系对孤独感的预测力显著低于非留守儿童。     

留守青少年的社会支持网络与其自尊、交往主动性之间的关系——基于变量中心和个体中心的视角

以来自河南省农村的400名双亲外出、单亲外出和非留守青少年为被试,采用变量中心和个体中心的分析策略.探讨了个体的社会支持网络与其自尊、交往主动性的关系.变量中心的分析发现,不同来源社会支持对于青少年自尊的重要性因留守状况的不同而不同:母亲支持是双亲外出青少年自尊的最佳预测变量,老师支持是非留守青少年自尊的最佳预测变量,父亲支持和老师支持则能够显著地预测单亲外出青少年的自尊;对于三类青少年的交往主动性,老师支持最为重要.个体中心的分析发现,处于高母亲倩父亲倩同学倩老师支持网络中青少年的自尊和交往主动性水平最高.     

歧视知觉、抑郁和农村留守儿童的学业成绩：纵向中介模型

以1147名双亲外出儿童和父亲外出儿童为被试,采用追踪研究设计,探讨了农村留守儿童歧视知觉和学业成绩之间的相互作用关系以及抑郁在其中的中介作用。结果发现:（1）农村留守儿童的学业成绩显著负向预测其随后的歧视知觉,但是歧视知觉不能显著预测其随后的学业成绩;（2）抑郁在留守儿童的学业成绩和歧视知觉之间起着纵向中介作用。这表明,学业成绩是降低留守儿童歧视知觉水平的重要资源,良好的学业成绩不仅可以直接降低农村留守儿童的歧视知觉,而且还能通过降低其抑郁水平来降低农村留守儿童的歧视知觉水平。     

歧视知觉、抑郁和农村留守儿童的学业成绩：纵向中介模型

以1147名双亲外出儿童和父亲外出儿童为被试,采用追踪研究设计,探讨了农村留守儿童歧视知觉和学业成绩之间的相互作用关系以及抑郁在其中的中介作用。结果发现:（1）农村留守儿童的学业成绩显著负向预测其随后的歧视知觉,但是歧视知觉不能显著预测其随后的学业成绩;（2）抑郁在留守儿童的学业成绩和歧视知觉之间起着纵向中介作用。这表明,学业成绩是降低留守儿童歧视知觉水平的重要资源,良好的学业成绩不仅可以直接降低农村留守儿童的歧视知觉,而且还能通过降低其抑郁水平来降低农村留守儿童的歧视知觉水平。     

留守青少年的社会支持网络与其抑郁、孤独之间的关系——基于变量中心和个体中心的视角

以来自河南省农村的400名双亲外出、单亲外出和非留守青少年为被试,考察了他们的社会支持网络状况,及其与青少年抑郁、孤独的关系.变量中心和个体中心的分析均表明,青少年所知觉的来自父亲、母亲、同学和老师的支持具有一致性,同一环境中各类社会支持的一致性更高.变量中心的分析发现,总体上,老师支持和父亲支持能够显著地预测青少年的抑郁水平,母亲支持和同学支持能够显著地预测青少年的孤独.但是,不同社会支持源的预测作用因青少年留守状况的不同而不同.个体中心的分析发现,处于高母亲/高父亲/高同学/高老师支持网络下青少年的抑郁和孤独水平低于其他支持网络中的青少年.     

同伴拒绝、同伴接纳与农村留守儿童的心理适应：亲子亲合与逆境信念的作用*

以424名农村儿童为被试,基于留守儿童和非留守儿童之间的比较,在同伴关系的背景下探讨了亲子亲合与个体逆境信念对儿童攻击、学业违纪与孤独感的作用。结果表明：(1)同伴拒绝能显著增加儿童的攻击、学业违纪与孤独感,同伴接纳则显著降低儿童的学业违纪与孤独感,亲子亲合、积极的逆境信念能够显著降低儿童的孤独感;(2)亲子亲合对同伴拒绝与儿童攻击、学业违纪之间关系的调节效应在双亲外出儿童与非留守儿童群体中存在差异：高亲合条件下,同伴拒绝与非留守儿童的攻击、学业违纪之间存在显著关联,但是在双亲外出儿童中,这些关联不再显著;(3)亲子亲合能够调节同伴接纳与儿童孤独感之间的关系：在低亲合条件下,同伴接纳能够显著降低儿童的孤独感,但是二者在高亲合条件下不再存在关联。结果提示,农村留守儿童与父母间的紧密情感联结对于促进其心理适应具有保护作用,同伴接纳对儿童的亲情缺失具有补偿作用。     

歧视知觉与农村留守儿童积极/消极情绪的关系:亲子亲合的保护作用

以378名双亲外出儿童和803名父亲外出儿童为被试,考察了歧视知觉与两类留守儿童积极/消极情绪的关系,并探讨了亲子亲合对二者关系的调节作用及其性别差异。结果表明:(1)歧视知觉水平越高,留守儿童的积极情绪越低,消极情绪越高;(2)父子亲合水平越高,留守儿童的积极情绪越高,消极情绪越低;母子亲合水平越高,留守儿童的积极情绪越高;(3)母子亲合可以调节双亲外出儿童的歧视知觉与其积极/消极情绪之间的关系:高母子亲合可以缓冲歧视知觉对儿童积极情绪的负向预测和对儿童消极情绪的正向预测;(4)母子亲合可以调节父亲外出儿童的歧视知觉与其积极/消极情绪之间的关系,且该调节作用存在性别差异。     

歧视知觉与留守初中生孤独感和问题行为：师生关系和同学关系的作用

采用问卷法对894名农村留守初中生进行调查,探讨歧视知觉与留守初中生孤独感和问题行为的关系,并考察师生关系和同学关系的作用。结果表明,歧视知觉正向预测留守初中生的孤独感和问题行为,师生关系、同学关系负向预测留守初中生的孤独感和问题行为;师生关系削弱了歧视知觉对母亲外出留守初中生孤独感的作用,同学关系削弱了歧视知觉对双亲外出留守初中生孤独感的作用;但师生关系和同学关系增强了歧视知觉对母亲外出和双亲外出留守初中生问题行为的作用。研究结果提示,歧视知觉是影响留守初中生孤独感和问题行为的危险因素,良好的师生关系和同学关系有利于降低留守初中生的孤独感、有利于预防和减少留守初中生的问题行为。     

Children's and parents' daily stressful events and psychological symptoms

Associations of children's daily stressful events and their parents' daily hassles and psychological symptoms with children's emotional/behavioral problems were examined in a sample of fourth- and fifth-grade children and their parents. Correlational analyses indicated that children's self-reports of depressive symptoms were associated with children's daily stressors and mothers' daily hassles, and children's self-reports of anxiety symptoms were associated with children's daily stressors and both mothers' and fathers' daily hassles. Mothers' and fathers' reports of their children's internalizing emotional/behavioral problems were correlated with mothers' and fathers' daily stressors and symptoms. Hierarchical multiple-regression analyses revealed that (a) children's self-reports of depressive symptoms were associated with children's daily stressors, (b) children's self-reports of anxiety symptoms were associated with their parents' daily hassles, (c) mothers' reports of their children's internalizing emotional/behavioral problems were marginally associated with parents' symptoms, and (d) fathers' reports of their children's internalizing emotional/behavioral problems were associated with parents' symptoms and children's self-reports of daily stressors.     

A friendship intervention for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: preliminary findings

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are known to experience difficulty in peer relationships. Neither standard interventions for ADHD nor peer acceptance-oriented interventions fully remedy this problem. We propose that interventions targeting ADHD children's dyadic friendships may be more realistic strategies for improving peer relationships. Hence, a friendship intervention, implemented within the context of an intensive behavioral treatment program with 209 ADHD children, is described. A model is proposed in which the friend's antisocial behavior relates to parental compliance with the friendship intervention, and both the friend's antisocial behavior and parental compliance predict friendship quality and treatment response. Results indicate that children paired with peers lower on antisocial behavior and children whose parents had higher levels of compliance with the friendship intervention achieved higher quality friendships and were rated by teachers as more improved.     

Children's use of inanimate transitional objects in coping with hassles.

This study examined children's use of inanimate transitional objects when coping with daily hassles. Mothers of 50 preschoolers rated their children on frequency of hassles, intensity of reaction to daily hassles, coping effectiveness, and frequency of object use. No significant differences were found between those children with an inanimate transitional object and those without such an object. Among those children with an object, a significant object effect on frequency of hassles (p less than .05) and a significant object effect on coping effectiveness were found. A significant age effect was also found, indicating that older children used their inanimate transitional objects more often than younger children. Among those children with an inanimate transitional object, significant positive relationships were found between frequency of hassles, intensity of reaction to hassles, coping effectiveness, and frequency of object use. The results indicated that children who used their thumb as an inanimate transitional object experienced fewer hassles than children who used a soft object. The results also suggested that an increase in the number of hassles experienced was related to more intense reactions to hassles, less effective coping, and an increase in object use. The nature of the object and the developmental issue of separation-individuation are considered as well.     

Daily hassles,ethnic identity and psychological adjustment among Lebanese‐Canadians

Acculturation, as a process of cultural change, has been related to a number of consequences including psychological distress. While some research has demonstrated how post‐migration stressors influence the adjustment of immigrants, it has been proposed that daily hassles—irritants in daily interactions—such as minor chronic problems with the in‐group and the out‐group have an even greater impact on adjustment than major life events. Furthermore, research has shown that ethnic identification profiles and discrimination are two factors closely associated with adjustment among immigrant populations. This study was, therefore, meant to further investigate the relationships among ethnic identity, discrimination (personal and collective), and adjustment (self‐esteem and depression) through a model proposing daily hassles as a mediator among these factors. There were 100 first‐ and second‐generation Lebanese‐Canadians who participated in the study. They completed a questionnaire measuring ethnic identification to their in‐ and out‐group, discrimination, hassles experienced with their in‐ and out‐group, depression, and self‐esteem. Path analyses revealed the mediating role of daily hassles between identity and discrimination, on the one hand, and indices of depression and self‐esteem, on the other. The results also demonstrated that greater experienced personal discrimination was associated with higher levels of experienced out‐group hassles and more out‐group hassles related to lower levels of adjustment. Processes of identity revealed that a higher level of Lebanese identity was associated with less experienced in‐ and out‐group hassles, which positively related to better adjustment. However, Canadian identity directly and positively related to depression. These results are discussed, first, with respect to their implications for current theorizing regarding the process of acculturation. Daily hassles would indeed now stand as a key mediating factor in the explanation of adjustment among immigrants. Second, the findings are deemed to have practical implications in term of the direction of programmes aimed at alleviating acculturative stress.     

A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: role of parenting and children's self-regulation

The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model predicting children's externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten in a sample of children with alcoholic (n = 130) and nonalcoholic (n = 97) parents. The model examined the role of parents' alcohol diagnoses, depression, and antisocial behavior at 12-18 months of child age in predicting parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years of child age. Parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years was hypothesized to predict children's self-regulation at 3 years (effortful control and internalization of rules), which in turn was expected to predict externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten. Structural equation modeling was largely supportive of this conceptual model. Fathers' alcohol diagnosis at 12-18 months was associated with lower maternal and paternal warmth/sensitivity at 2 years. Lower maternal warmth/sensitivity was longitudinally predictive of lower child self-regulation at 3 years, which in turn was longitudinally predictive of higher externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten, after controlling for prior behavior problems. There was a direct association between parents' depression and children's externalizing behavior problems. Results indicate that one pathway to higher externalizing behavior problems among children of alcoholics may be via parenting and self-regulation in the toddler to preschool years.     

Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: evidence of an environmentally mediated process

The well-documented finding that child physical maltreatment predicts later antisocial behavior has at least 2 explanations: (a). Physical maltreatment causes antisocial behavior, and (b). genetic factors transmitted from parents to children influence the likelihood that parents will be abusive and that children will engage in antisocial behavior. The authors tested these hypotheses in the representative Environmental-Risk cohort of 1116 twin pairs and their families, who were assessed when the twins were 5 and 7 years old. Mothers reported on children's experience of physical maltreatment, and mothers and teachers reported on children's antisocial behavior. The findings support the hypothesis that physical maltreatment plays a causal role in the development of children's antisocial behavior and that preventing maltreatment can prevent its violent sequelae.     

Stress,coping, and adjustment in mothers and young adolescents in single- and two-parent families

Compared stress, coping, and psychological adjustment in single (divorced or separated) and married mothers and their young adolescent children. Single mothers reported more daily hassles related to economic, family, and personal health problems, and more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychoticism. Single mothers also reported using more coping strategies related to accepting responsibility and positive reappraisal. After controlling for level of family income, differences in family hassles and coping strategies remained significant. The two groups did not differ on subtypes of symptoms after controlling for income, but single mothers still reported more total psychological symptoms. No differences were found between children in these two family constellations on maternal reports of emotional/behavioral problems or on children's self-reported emotional/behavioral problems, stressful events, or coping. Implications of these findings for adjustment to life in single-parent families are discussed.     

A Longitudinal Investigation of Depression,Hopelessness, Social Support,and Major and Minor Life Events and Their Relation to Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents

The longitudinal relationship of psychological and social-environmental factors with adolescent suicidal ideation over a 1-year-period was examined in a sample of 374 high school students. Students were assessed twice over a 1-year period with measures of depression, hopelessness, major negative life events, daily hassles, social support, and suicidal ideation. At the initial assessment, daily hassles and negative life events for males and social support and depression for females were significant factors related to suicidal ideation levels 1 year later. Changes in depression and hopelessness were significantly related to changes in suicidal ideation over the 1 year interval for males and females. Differences found between males and females in the relationship of psychological and social-environmental variables with suicidal ideation supports the need to examine gender specific relationships when conducting research on suicidal behavior in adolescents.     

The Relations of Immigrant‐Specific and Immigrant‐Nonspecific Daily Hassles to Distress Controlling for Psychological Adjustment and Cultural Competence1

In separating immigrant‐specific daily hassles (out‐group, family, and in‐group) from immigrant‐nonspecific general hassles, the relations of hassles to depression and physical symptoms were examined. The respondents were 79 female and 85 male Iranian immigrants to Canada. In Block 1 of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the experience of out‐group hassles and of general hassles both contributed to the prediction of depression. In Block 2, psychological adjustment and perceived cultural competence in the host society, along with out‐group hassles, predicted depression. General hassles were the only predictor of physical symptoms. Psychological adjustment, as a buffer, interacted with hassles in enhancing the prediction of distress. The importance of distinguishing and accounting for both immigrant‐specific and immigrant‐nonspecific hassles in predicting outcome measures was considered, as was the importance of assessing dispositional variables in this context.