不同难度刺激材料的汉字特性负启动效应研究

负启动的研究是考察选择性注意中抑制机制的基本实验范式。本研究选取不同难度的刺激材料,使用经典的负启动实验范式,分别从增加目标选择难度和干扰项个数两个方面考察了大学生被试的汉字特性负启动效应。结果发现：在目标和干扰项互为形似字以及多个干扰项的情况下,被试的特性负启动效应均消失。此结果为注意的资源分配理论提供了进一步的证据。     

探测记忆提取抑制范式的研究

负启动(NP)范式是用来研究选择性注意中分心信息抑制的一种实验技术.本研究将经典的NP范式修改成"分步启动显示的NP范式",并通过实验1、2分别探讨了"分步启动显示的NP范式"是否适用于选择性注意中分心信息抑制的研究和记忆提取抑制研究的可行性.实验1发现了NP效应,表明这种范式与经典的NP范式一样,能适用于选择性注意中分心信息抑制的研究.实验2也发现了NP效应,表明这种范式研究记忆提取抑制是可行性.     

阈下负启动研究及相关理论

阈下负启动是研究无意识中新的研究范式。本文阐述了阈下负启动的研究及其相关的中心边缘理论和回思启动澄清理论 ,并与阈上负启动的进行对比 ,发现两者有相似的产生机制。     

负启动效应的认知神经科学研究

近几年,对负启动效应的神经机制研究发现,干扰项抑制与情节提取都是引起负启动的原因,究竟哪种机制起主要作用与实验任务有很大的关系。从现有的研究结果来看,位置负启动与前额皮层有关,EPR上表现为P1和N1波幅减小或N2波幅的增大,支持抑制机制。特性负启动P3成分仍存在不一致的结果,脑区的广泛激活模式使得研究者越来越倾向采取整合的观点。     

负启动研究与有关理论

该文主要从三个方面来回顾负启动的研究：负启动与选择注意的关系：早期以抑制为主导的负启动研究成果,包括抑制的功能、负启动的时间历程、加工位置与个体差异以及实验情景和策略对负启动的影响：负启动的理论解释,包括干扰项抑制假说、情景提取解释和短暂辨别理论。     

负启动研究与有关理论

该文主要从三个方面来回顾负启动的研究 :负启动与选择注意的关系 ;早期以抑制为主导的负启动研究成果 ,包括抑制的功能、负启动的时间历程、加工位置与个体差异以及实验情景和策略对负启动的影响 ;负启动的理论解释 ,包括干扰项抑制假说、情景提取解释和短暂辨别理论     

整体-局部范式下的负启动效应

在通常的负启动范式基础上 ,以小数字构成的大数字 ,即以同时具有整体特征和局部特征的复合数字为实验材料 ,采用数字命名任务 ,将刺激画面中复合数字的数目和注意指向作为变量进行实验。大学生充任被试。结果发现 ,在单个复合数字条件下对同一客体的非注意指向的特征进行忽略重复 ,注意整体时出现负启动 ,而注意局部时不出现负启动 ;在两个复合数字条件下对启动刺激中充当干扰项的复合数字进行忽略重复 ,则注意整体与注意局部都出现了负启动。该研究表明 ,在不同注意指向时 ,整体 -局部范式下的负启动效应具有知觉组织的层次性 ,并显示出客体内选择和客体间选择对负启动的不同影响。     

儿童整体-局部加工中的负启动现象

采用2种元素疏密程度的复合数字刺激和启动范式,7岁和11岁2个年龄组的小学生分别在注意整体水平和注意局部水平的条件下对探测刺激进行选择反应。结果发现元素疏密程度可以影响知觉优先,而知觉优先与整体局部水平间的负启动之间没有一致的发展关系,说明与负启动有关的注意分配机制可能比知觉组织发展的晚。     

启动刺激含有多个靶子条件下的负启动效应

采用数字命名任务,在通常的负启动范式基础上增加启动刺激靶子数目．进行了两个实验。实验一发现,当启动刺激靶子个数为1个和2个时。出现负启动效应;当启动刺激靶子个数为3个和4个时。则不出现负启动效应。这提示靶子所获注意资源数量的作用。实验二发现．当启动刺激有2个和3个靶子时．如果未被选择来反应的靶子成为探测刺激的靶子,其反应时与控制组无显著差异。即不出现负启动。这表明在启动刺激中未被选择来反应的靶子与干扰项所受到的加工是有差别的。     

启动刺激模糊对单一探测条件下负启动的影响

以汉语单字词为材料,使用单一启动与单一探测范式,探查清楚和模糊启动汉字在呈现时间比较短暂时,能否发生负启动.结果显示,不论单一启动汉字是清楚还是模糊,也不论启动刺激的呈现时间长还是短,均未发生负启动效应.提示,启动刺激本身变模糊,即使呈现时间短暂依然能够自动微弱地激活大脑中与该词有关的表征,若不能阻止这种微弱激活的扩散也不能发生单一启动与单一探测范式下的负启动.这个结果在一定程度上扩展了Collins和Loftus(1975)所提出的激活扩散理论,也提示,启动词的激活水平和注意的抑制机制对单一启动与单一探测范式中负启动的发生同样重要.     

The Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Positive and Negative Priming in Identity and Spatial Priming Tasks

The authors examined whether stimulus activation and inhibition in the identity priming task are related to the temporal lobe, and whether these processes in the spatial priming task are related to the parietal lobe. Forty participants performed spatial and identity positive and negative priming tasks, the Vandenberg Mental Rotation task, and the Digit Span task. Both men and women showed significant positive and negative priming in the identity and spatial tasks with no gender difference. The magnitude of identity positive priming was predicted by the Digit Span task, and the magnitude of spatial positive priming was predicted by the mental rotation task. Only women showed a correlation between spatial ability and spatial negative priming. The results are partially consistent with the dorsal-ventral model of cognitive inhibition.     

汉字的特性负启动效应与年龄发展的关系

选用汉字材料,考察86名小学生、初中生、大学生和老年人被试特性负启动效应的产生情况.结果表明,特性抑制有一个从上升到衰退的过程;汉字同英文字母等材料一样可以发生显著的特性负启动效应;负启动效应是内隐的、不受意识控制的;特性负启动实验过程中的错误反应支持了注意的晚期选择模型.     

抑制能力与工作记忆能量的相关研究

采用汉字材料的负启动范式,考察了大学生和老年人被试的特性和空间位置抑制能力,及其与工作记忆能量的相关。结果发现：位置抑制能力与工作记忆能量无显著相关,而特性抑制能力与工作记忆能量存在正相关。说明个体的分心抑制能力是影响其工作记忆能量的重要因素。但工作记忆的年龄差异可能还受分心抑制之外其它认知因素的影响。     

创造性思维能力高、低大学生特性负启动效应的实验研究

本研究采用问卷法筛选出创造性思维能力高、低大学生作为被试,利用负启动实验范式考察两组大学生特性负启动效应的异同,探讨汉字特性负启动效应与创造性思维的关系。结果发现：低创造性思维能力组大学生具有显著的特性负启动效应,而高创造性思维能力组大学生则没有产生明显的特性负启动效应。     

Cross-language negative priming remains intact,while positive priming disappears: evidence for two sources of selective inhibition

In the current experiments, within- and between-language primed lexical decision tasks with Twi-English bilinguals were used. The aim was to explore the priming effects produced by attended and ignored words, in an effort to draw theoretical and empirical parallels and differences between the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition and to isolate the different circumstances in which these mechanisms operate in bilingual language processing. In the within-language (Twi) experiment, facilitatory (positive) priming resulted when a prime word and subsequent probe target word were identical, whereas delayed decisions to probe targets (negative priming) ensued when the ignored prime word was conceptually identical to the subsequent probe target word. In contrast, while the between-language (Twi-English) experiments replicated the ignored repetition negative priming effect, no evidence of positive priming was observed. These between-language findings undermine episodic retrieval models of selective attention that discount inhibitory processes in negative priming paradigms. Instead, our findings substantiate inhibition-based accounts by showing that there are two sources of inhibition operating at the local word and global language levels of abstraction. The findings also support bilingual language representations in which the words of the two languages are integrated.     

A critical evaluation of cognitive inhibition in dissociative identity disorder as inferred by negative priming in the flanker task: Limitations and the episodic retrieval alternative

Studies examining negative priming in dissociative identity disorder (DID) using the flanker task have reported emotional context effects. Significant negative priming is evident when individuals with DID are assessed in a context deemed emotionally neutral, while in contexts designed to elevate anxiety, DID samples display reduced negative priming. Limitations and considerations are discussed around statistical power, generalizability and reliability, and the use of diagnostic groups over specific clinical symptoms. The negative priming findings in this growing body of work have been interpreted with reference to the functioning of cognitive inhibitory mechanisms. Explored is how the episodic retrieval account of negative priming, with its reliance on memory mechanisms, could account for the DID findings. Encoding and retrieval possibilities are discussed and it is concluded that a failure to encode the prime trial distractor stimulus, in contexts of heightened anxiety, could explain the experimental findings from an episodic retrieval perspective.     

归类任务中负启动效应与分心物特性抑制的实验研究

以汉语单字词为材料,采用负启动技术,在归类任务中考察了作为负启动效应根源的扩散抑制是否遵循资源有限机制以及在要求操作反应的情况下是否也能获得来自分心物特性抑制的负启动效应。结果表明：１．被试对曾在启动显示中作为分心物的探测目标的反应时随着启动显示中分心物数目的增加而缩短。因此,扩散抑制遵循资源有限机制;２．在操作反应要求下能获得非常显著的来自分心物特性抑制的负启动效应。     

Dissociations between identity and location negative priming

Negative priming refers to the phenomenon of a slowed response time to a previously ignored distractor. Identity negative priming can be observed when the identity of a previous distractor is repeated as the target identity, and location negative priming can be observed when the spatial location of a previous distractor is repeated as the target location. This article reviewed and integrated previous findings and provided empirical evidence to show the dissociations between location and identity negative priming: (a) the removal of probe distractor impeded identity negative priming but not location negative priming; (b) identity negative priming was modulated by the distance between the target and distractor, while location negative priming was not; and (c) perceptual grouping of the target and distractor affected identity negative priming but not location negative priming.     

Excitatory and inhibitory priming by attended and ignored non-recycled words with monolinguals and bilinguals

Experiments examining identity priming from attended and ignored novel words (words that are used only once except when repetition is required due to experimental manipulation) in a lexical decision task are reported. Experiment 1 tested English monolinguals whereas Experiment 2 tested Twi (a native language of Ghana, Africa)-English bilinguals. Participants were presented with sequential pairs of stimuli composed of a prime followed by a probe, with each containing two items. The participants were required to name the target word in the prime display, and to make a lexical decision to the target item in the probe display. On attended repetition (AR) trials the probe target item was identical to the target word on the preceding attentional display. On ignored repetition (IR) trials the probe target item was the same as the distractor word in the preceding attentional display. The experiments produced facilitated (positive) priming in the AR trials and delayed (negative) priming in the IR trials. Significantly, the positive and negative priming effects also replicated across both monolingual and bilingual groups of participants, despite the fact that the bilinguals were responding to the task in their non-dominant language.